THE  EFFECT  OF  GASES  LIBERATED  AT  THE  CRITICAL  TEMPERATURE 
ON  THE  COKING  PROPERTIES  OF  A COAL 


BY 

ALDEN  WILLIAMS  COFFMAN 


THESIS 

SUBMITTED  IN  PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS 
FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  BACHELOR  OF  SCIENCE  IN  CHEMISTRY 
IN  THE  COLLEGE  OF  LIBERAL  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 
1922 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 


Finley 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/effectofgaseslibOOcoff 


Talile  of  Contents. 

pages . 

I.  Introduction 1 

II.  Oarbonizat ion 2 

(a)  Definition 2 

(b)  History 2 

(g)  Actual  Pi'ocedure  of 'Carbonization 

in  a Retort 3 

(d)  I'.Iethods  of  Attacking  the  Problem 

of  Carbonization 6 

(1)  Rractional  Carbonization 6 

(2)  C?he  Action  of  Solvents  on  Coal...  6 

(e)  Effect  of  Cases  on  Carbonization 10 

(f)  Resulting  fheory 11 

III.  Experim.ental 12 

(a)  apparatus  and  Its  Manipulation 13 

(b)  Discussion  of  results 15 

lY.  Conclusions 20 

V.  Data 21 

YI,  Bibliography 36 


It 


: \ 


V.J'. 


» ‘ * • ' ' I ,v».\»’  * • • *'  ^ »; « t'  *'t,  * 

>.  ' o ' J ' ’ ■' 


'4V  (f 


I 


■ ^ '7'  W’,  i , "A 

*-  >V'  "%  . '\ 


P.  . J 


's' 


ff*  ■ ' 


^ • • • • « • « I I I 4 > t |l  I • 

««!&■  s 

*,  • • • • I I t » 


' “ i.-* 


f3l. 


I'.'S: 


§ 


'np 


* 


* i . •'  • ♦ i,i  * • .,  . 

••  ' ' ' ' . 


#,  : i 


^JSSl 


} £ 


S"J  „ w 


’t.. 


. V(V  t * ^ f * I %*•  » • • • • , t’  9 


U 


e,*ijy/ru 


.5^ 


i*  li' 


i-iiH 


I > * «'  • 


E/  ■ 


i'A, 


'■‘’'■7?.ii#r?! 

i‘  , , ^ i j I 1 

♦ » • V • • < f *;  1^  » • i^«  ii  it: « * 


-I 


4 • t 4 


:S 


ISL^’C'  ’ >' 

|p£ 'u 

^ ’»■' 

pJi'f 


• *4*4*»^ 


L ' . **.  r?»'  ; 

ti.  ♦*  3'  £ /►'’ 


• » •’♦  f,  * ‘V*  r.  . I Vjif 


„p*i 


ir' 

Of 


^1-  ^ 
■9'  ■‘4 
< 


nr 


♦ • 1 »^.  * 4 >■, » ^ • 4 » r 4 . 4t>('®4  *'.  , t V'V' i'  *'^l.'^''  “il?  . ." 

4 w ■■  ' ■:  : ii'''  .V"  'j(>  V'wM  w;  ,<i!w 

It-  ],  / I u 'I-  " ,-  “.  * ■"  * jfw  Vm 

i’*  • ^ ^ ^'  « * ♦,  *>.1  < »1#  '•  • IV  »••<<••'  « H V._,t.  I 4 4:'  • 4 • ! ■'■.'!^  ir  . f 


4 • H «'■  4^^  ( 4 4 t 4 f > f ,4  ' « I 4 4 4 4 4 I A 4.  4^  « ^’V^' 


"r'.' 


■ K 


■I  ■ fi 


C H 


it 


M 


:S»J 


,U-' 


iri. 


,>1. 


• V.-4 


'Vfi 


■IK 


■ir; 


.rtt' 


>^*- 


,'IV 


I;  r'l 


4‘«:ov 


r'i 


il/v 


f 1. 


is 


’.Mi: 


:r 


lu^.  . '. 


1. 


liirHODUGTIOi:. 

In  these  days,  v/hen  iron  rules  the  world,  and  v/hen  mn’s  great- 
est endeavor  turns  to  the  production  of  iron  and  yet  more  iron,  v/ith 
v;hich  to  manufacture  the  many  necessities  of  life,  it  is  only  natur- 
al that  a keen  interest  should  he  aroused  in  coke,  the  factor  which 
makes  iron  and  steel  production  possible.  If  coke  is  vital  to  the 
v;elfare  of  man,  as  any  one  v/ill  admit,  why  should  we  not  turn  our  ef- 
forts toward  finding  and  perfecting  a iriethod  for  the  economic  pro- 
duction of  coke?  7/e  should.  And  it  ought  to  he  an  EGOIIOL'IC  produc- 
tion, with  the  saving  of  h27  products  and  the  obtaining  of  the  best 
possible  coke. 

fhe  man  of  today  has  wasted  coal  in  great  c[uantities  by  promis- 
cuous coking,  vvithout  selection,  of  coals.  He  has  also  made  prreat 
inroads  on  the  worlds  supply  by  burning  coal,  instead  of  coke  or  gas^ 
for  domestic  purposes.  This  and  similar  extravagances  must  stop, 
and  v/ith  this  cessation  we  must  look  forward  to  the  corni^lete  gasifi- 
cation of  coals  or  at  least  an  economic  use  of  by-products,  a com- 
plete gasification  program  u/ould  mean  three  things : (1)  all  coal 

must  be  carbonized,  (2)  all  valuable  products  saved,  (3)  all  result- 
ing solid  fuel  must  be  converted  to  liq^uid  or  gaseous  fuel. 

Are  there,  at  the  present  time,  any  carbonization  processes 
which  can  accomplish  this?  If  not,  why  not?  fhere  are  no  processes 
at  the  present  time  capable  of  carrying  out  this  acme  of  success, 
and  the  reason  is  two-fold.  In  the  first  place,  the  world  has  not 
come  to  a realization  of  the  need.  In  the  second  place,  we  don’t 
know  enough  about  coal.  Here  is  the  basic  reason  for  research.  T.'e 
must  Imow  more  about  coal. 


r«»i 


■»- 


f]V>  .i*'  ■•■<■ 


M 


r.  t. 


. 


ji*« 


■ |V^’  ■'  • ■.  ^ ^ "■'# 

1 .,V,  ...'  ’*_ji(b^' 

j,  - -<■'-■»  - «*i,a7.! 


2. 


By  research  we  hope  to  find  facts  which  will  help  us  to  decide 
why  sorie  coals  coke,  \/hile  others  do  not;  what  the  differences  are 
hetT/een  such  coals;  and  what  the  best  methods  are  for  the  carbonisa- 
tion of  coal.  Consequently  v/e  must  turn  to  a theory  of  carbonization, 

CAiiBONIZAflOlI. 

Definition. 

The  importance  of  carbonizat ion  is  obvioi;S  from  the  above  state- 
ments and  needs  no  further  discussion,  but  there  are  two  items  which 
v/e  should  consider  before  we  go  to  the  theory  of  carbonization.  Dirst 
a definition  of  carboni zation  is  essential.  V.'ebster  says,  "Carboniza- 
tion is  the  process  of  converting  into  carbon  by  combustion,  by  the 
action  of  fire  or  by  acid."  This,  hov/ever,  must  be  qualified  consid- 
erably for  coal  and  we  find  Lev/es^^^  giving  the  following  definition 
of  the  carbonization  of  coal:  "Carbonization  is  the  process  of  de- 

structive distillation  of  coal  and  other  carbonaceous  material,  pro- 
ducing a solid  residue  and  the  volatile  products  tar  and  gas,  the  na- 
ture of  these  three  final  products  depending  on  (a)  the  composition 
of  the  original  carbonaceous  material,  (bj  the  temperature  and  rapid- 
ity of  distillation,  and  (c)  the  type  of  apparatus  used  during  the 
operation.  The  solid  residue,  coke,  charcoal,  or  smokeless  fuel,  con- 
tains as  its  chief  constituent  carbon,  together  with  the  mineral  mat- 
ter or  ash  of  the  original  body,  such  proportions  of  the  residues  as 
the  ter.perature  employed  has  failed  to  drive  out  of  the  liass,  and  the 
occluded  gases." 

Hi  story. 

Our  second  consideration  is  that  of  the  history  of  carbonization. 
Coke  has  long  been  used.  In  fact,  we  find  that  as  far  back  as  two 
thousand  years  ago  the  Chinese  listed  coke  as  an  article  of  trade. 


f 


4' 


V; 


f 


'■V 


t > 


V , 

A ' 


i 

i 

V 


: 

r 

i- 


I 

1 

I 


'V 

\ 

s 


i 


■■■  '-■* 


r*'.'r  0'^  * ' *11  ' * 


.;  ' )-' 


Nl 


However,  it  was  not  until  the  ei.fyhteenth  century  that  it  r.ade  its  de- 
but in  Europe,  and  only  then  because  of  the  increasing  need  for  a 
fuel  to  replace  charcoal,  which  was  lacking  due  to  the  shortage  of 
charcoal  timber. 

The  first  steps  taken  were  to  coke  coal  in  heaps  or  mounds.  La- 
ter the  coal  was  piled  on  a prepared  floor  of  coal  dust  and  heaped  so 
that  longitudinal,  transverse,  and  vertical  flues  v/ere  present.  These 
flues  v/ere  built  of  refuse  coke  and  lump  coal,  covered  v/ith  v/ood  and 
were  fired  at  the  base  of  each  flue,  the  fire  spreading  until  the 
whole  mass  was  aflame,  and  finally  at  the  end  of  the  run,  v/ater  was 
added  through  the  flues.  Because  of  the  difficulty  met  with  in  con- 
trolling the  process,  great  losses  were  incured  both  in  time  and  by- 
products, so  that  the  next  step  in  the  development  v;as  the  Beehive 
Oven,  v/hich  was  introduced  into  England  in  16E0.  Then  in  1700,  J.Be- 
cher,  a German,  patented  a tar  recovery  process,  v/hich  marked  a nev/ 
era  in  the  coking  industry.  Prom  that  time  on,  by-product  coking  has 
taken  great  strides,  and  the  present  day  Koppers  oven  is  the  result. 

Actual  Procedure  of  Carbonization  In  a Retort. 

Several  men  have  advanced  theories  on  the  procedure  of  carboni- 
zation in  a retort,  but  perhagis  the  two  outstanding  ones  are  those  of 
Lewes  and  Speer  and  Ramsburg^^K  Lewes  says: 

"LIy  own  view,  and  one  v/hich  I think  can  be  proved  abundantly,  is 

that  when  a charge  of  coal  is  put  into  a red-hot  retort  or  oven,  the 

layers  in  the  immediate  contact  with  the  walls  are  heated  up  almost 
imimediately 

^and  decomposed  v/ith  the  rush  of  steam  and  sm*oke  that  we  knov/  so  well 
The  lid  of  door  is  shut,  and  carbonization  proceeds  as  the  heat  slov;- 
ly  penetrates  into  the  mass,  and  even  an  inch  away  from  the  hot  wall 
the  tem.perature  rises  only  very  gradually.  The  first  action  of  the 


• , yi\  ^ ..•  ‘ ' ’.'T^'-  \ '■’.  **  ’’'A  .llfl  U '.**^.V 

■ •:-‘i  'mBbnr'  ,i»^'  ' •'■‘■'.a,'} 

" ' '.-..Wl^'  . ri>^. 

^ .,;'  .'ft  . .1  <i'«  ■'luTii  .!*,/■  iJ'- (.‘*a  _ 


C"/ 


■ y ■ ."•  .*’’  '7i  ''j^''l^  ,-V" 


^i*i 


iW- 


‘ ' “'^  " , -I.;;' 


r t 


t4v7<? 


II  . „ ^ 


^iftiil  ' ' I5>f  *^'  >'  ' ■'  I J,  INI  ■■  1 «w- 

J t JtaaiJ  ,ff  A.^  J«Jh¥  • C»'.  '.T'JC*  *:.i*i£fiiif^  jT'  '.'‘Y  ?'" 


l»T!T> 


I."/  ^ W,  .1 


■ • ‘l»i\,/^ii  tt.».fc-.v».'»  *k ..  iw»»  6;*! 


^ ...  , M^n».  > . . u^«:a 

TiAfW.;  ■■' 


-V- . ■4ift 

-t  4safc“™" 

, Sa|iS»'*‘  Ml  '<J*..  :.3)iw  ' i-  J 

' Se  ;#M»  ttfi,  m 


c 


4^,V«;,.:t;»fj:^'r^^  i-n  *.?,| 


,*^- 


-.,  r v;,-  '*  ^tr^'  "S"  jU^«  1 

' ■..  S'  vif iii(tese«^^  ' ' 


U4. 


4 


heat  is  to  drive  off  'pit  v/ater',  i.e.  the  moisture  which  the 
coal  has  acquired  from  the  rain  or  v/ashing  at  about  200C(38EP). 

The  'hydroscopic  water',  i.e.  that  which  is  constitutional , comes 
off,  and  the  humus  body  begins  to  decompose  and  give  as  their  first 
product  water .All  the  water  vapor  from  these  actions  distills  for- 
v/ard  into  the  first  layer  cool  enough  to  condense  it,  so  that  even 
with  a charge  that  one  v;ould  consider  dry  coal,  if  the  retort  be 
opened  half  an  hour  after  charging,  the  center  of  the  mass  is 
found  soaked  with  water,  whilst  in  a coke  oven  in  which  the  charge 
is  wet  freshly  v/ashed  coal,  it  will  be  streaming  with  v/ater." 

"As  the  temperature  rises  to  200-500  G. , the  coal  becomes  semi- 
fluid, decom*position  of  all  coal  bodies  commiences  and  rapidly  in- 
creases in  vigor  with  each  succession  of  heat,  and  the  fluid  tar 
from  the  humus  and  slightly  viscous  tar  from  the  resinoid  bodies, 
and  the  rich  heavy  tar  from  the  hydrocarbon  gases,  go  forv/ard  as 
vapor  v/ith  the  gases,  alv/ays  away  from,  the  heat  and  seeking  the 
cool  zones.  It  must  be  remembered  that,  as  the  heat  spreads  to 
the  zone  in  which  the  v/ater  has  condensed,  this  again  evaporates 
and  renders  a large  amount  of  heat  latent,  so  cooling  it  dov/n  and 
leading  to  the  condensation  of  the  tar  vapor,  and  v/hen  in  turn  this 
is  reached  by  advancing  temperature  and  is  heated  to  350-400'C., 
it  is'  only  the  m.ore  volatile  portions  that  distil  again,  and  a de- 
posit of  pitch  is  left  which  binds  the  half  coked  coal,  v/hilstas 
the  temperature  rises  above  700  the  residues  in  the  semi-coke  and 
pitch  further  decompose  until  a hard  coke  is  left,  which  consists 
of  little  else  than  carbon,  ash,  and  traces  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen, 
either  cor.:bined  still  or  occluded  by  the  coal." 

In  this  theory  we  find  several  statem.ents  apparently  contrary  to 


",  rj  I ‘■--  - T » ' I ' ' 

t?  :i : ■»■  'L  , ■tit f ym^i ^ ■y*rr>»f% ' *m , t,»m'  \ ^ 


P ;»rf;  a -■  ‘>i  , I':n:;  ..4^„l 

s A’  ♦ ■■'■  *■'  ' ' ';■'/*>'  '■  :'  ' ^ ■■‘■i 

f'  ,-v : ,ic., 


>i  : 


’ 'i.  , . ' ' “--  , '^  *■  '■»  ’ -■  ■'I''' 

“.:;  V‘  *«■  a <1  ’itn,  , * ^ ^ , I 1 ; "'■i.Tiffi'ft'^  i/y  '~i  •*'  ' s*i^^  t*’ 

V‘  ' •<'•  • ’’  '*  ^ , 'i  7^ ',ij^j^,,  '■  ^ »!'■■ 

i'_  ,:  .'c-- 


i It M l^i^  * ♦ ^■i :' , , \v ' %¥4  "* 

, *•>'  ' :'p  - , ■ ■ ■'  ' ;-|j>gj|ja;l.'^'  ' 

**“*■  '’^’  Y • «a  ii*9H»  i ^‘  * ' 


■v:.^  . ii:  

« to  „ • f:  g f '^ife ' ■ ^ 


5. 


fact.  If,  as  Lewes  says,  the  i^ases  travel  inward  then  the  central 
portion  of  the  coke  should  he  the  hest  due  to  the  deposition  of  pitch. 
This,  however,  is  not  the  case  since  the  hest  coke  is  found  in  the 
outer  layer.  This  theory  also  does  not  explain  the  fact  that  the  cen- 
ter of  the  coal  mass  remains  at  100 'C  until  near  the  end  of  the  cok- 
in^j  period. 

The  theory  of  Seer  and  Earnshurg  does  away  with  these  inconsisten- 
cies hy  stating  that  the  gases  pass  outward  and  consequently  huild  up 
the  surfaces  of  the  outer  layer,  thus  forming  the  highest  quality  of 
coke.  They  also  assume  an  inward  tiovement  of  a non-conducting  pasty 
zone,  which  protects  the  inner  coal  mass  from  the  high  temperatures 
of  the  retort  walls.  The  theory  is  as  follows: 

’’The  layer  of  coal  next  to  each  wall  is  very  rapidly  heated,  a 
complicated  process  of  destructive  distillation  "begins,  and  at  a tem- 
perature of  about  375-400’C.,  the  layer  becomes  soft  and  pasty.  The 
pasty  m.ass  is  for  a while  in  a state  of  violent  ebullition,  due  to 
the  rapid  expulsion  of  its  volatile  matter  and  then  rapidly  solidifiecj 
the  indurate  residue  retaining  the  vesicular  form  and  structure  of  th< 
pasty,  foaming  stage. 

"The  adjacent  layer  toward  the  interior  has  in  the  mean  time 
reached  the  pasty  stage,  the  fusion  being  assisted  by  the  penetration 
of  some  of  the  soft  material  forced  over  from  the  outer  layer.  The 
gases  and  vapors  follov/  always  the  line  of  least  resistance  and  pass 
through  the  porous  outer  layer  and  up  along  the  walls  of  the  oven  in- 
stead of  forcing  their  way  through  the  viscous  inner  portion  of  the 
fused  layer,  and  then  through  the  mass  of  coal.  In  passing  through 
the  highly-heated  porous  layer,  the  hydrocarbons  undergo  a partial 
secondary  decomposition  and  deposit  a part  of  their  carbon  on  the  cel- 


6 


lular  surfaces,  just  formed,  thus  building  ux:  and  strengthening  the 
coke.  The  coking  process  is  thus  to  be  conceived  as  involving  the 
formation  of  a fused  zone,  and  the  gradual  advance  of  this  zone  to- 
ward the  center  of  the  oven,  the  evolved  gases  and  vapors  depositing 
part  of  their  carbon  in  the  vesicular  mass  left  as  the  zone  progresses 
’’The  actual  thickness  of  the  fused  zone  is  probably  not  over 
half  an  inch.  The  drop  of  the  temperature  across  this  narro'.v  zone  is 
very  great  and  the  interior  of  the  oven  remains  comparatively  cool, 
even  at  an  advanced  stage  in  the  coking  process.  As  the  coking  pro- 
gresses, cracks  or  joints  develop  perpendicular  to  the  walls  of  the 
oven,  thus  determining  the  blocks  of  coke  as  they  are  eventually 
formed  when  the  oven  is  discharged.  These  cracks  form  avenues  of  es- 
cape for  a large  percentage  of  the  gases,  hence  the  amount  of  deposi- 
ted carbon  is  greater  in  proportion  on  surfaces  of  blocks  than  in  the 
interior.  Eventually  the  two  zones  merge  at  the  center  of  the  oven, 
and,  with  the  practically  complete  exiDulsion  of  the  last  of  the  vola- 
tile matter,  the  coking  process  is  finished.  There  is  always  a dis- 
tinct parting  in  the  center  of  the  oven  so  that  the  length  of  the 
block  is  ecjuivalent  to  half  the  width  of  the  oven." 

Hethods  of  attacking  the  Problem,  of  Carbonization. 

In  order  to  form  an  acceptable  theory  of  carbonization  the  pro- 
blem has  been  developed  along  three  distinct  types  of  procedure': 

(a)  Ilicroscopical . 

(B)  Fractional  Carbonization, 

(C)  The  Action  of  Solvents  on  Coal. 

Jpon  the  first  of  these  three,  the  chief  v/ork  has  been  done  by  F.ein- 
bardt  Thiessen(3).  Hov/ever,  it  is  not  necessary  that  we  consider  the 
:niorosoopical  examination  of  coal  because  from  it  results  more  the 
theory  of  the  formation  rather  than  the  carbonization  of  coal.  It  is 


PM' 

i je.';'irt,r,  ' : ■ ■■  ' 


'I  Mr  Ti  . > JV4: 

, . ■ ■■  ,.,>.  _.  - .'***■ 

WW”  ^ 


3 ^ rw  ■ 


w-  ''J-'«i>t6 V' ' ..  C ‘i'f',/ 


' > 'A.  . ‘ . ' • 

'.V'i.V. 

'4* 

• ’>  ^ 

t 

...  ' ■ ■«/.- . 

■•  ' ' . .^-  -.  , ■'*  ' ■>'■'  ’ 

■t 

» V.  :■  Ak  a '.  ’*^‘;;  ’ '■/••  ■ ■ *ii' 

«.  , • 

V ^ V/*jv  ' 


'^.Qrr 


••  ■*'  ■■  •*.  ■’>  ,'■  ■ •-'  {';  • * 'WV : rx-j.'Jv;:.A-:  n.A  s 

■ ' ,.  '"^r^E  v«  /;«  :i|iv-'  ■'  -U 


I f < 


■‘V->(. 


■ ' ■ • •■. " ' ■ V -I^ -t V' 

..  ■ '*/  %'-TWkJ  ■■'*_"  ' ..’  T»'  ',  . 

■ ..  y ■ . 'V ‘.a  -»ii  ■ m •] 

■'  ;•  i-A  :^  ■ , X-- 1 

, • VM‘' 


'i:m 


■'• ./ 


'f; 


• < 

i'; 


:V  fWH'i  '■■/  s^i>  iir"  - ,0't;i‘ 

•‘  t • ■■  V ■■  •’  »'*  .; .» 

, I '.'i/if  ..  ■ .i'  ’ATV#f  ‘f/:  '^'  .•■■'.-’»  • '’■'rj  t ,--i>  '•'*^  ill 

. :•  • ’'I 'T\’  • ;0-.i ’• ..  tnj'j;3i ■ IT i -. • 

.i't,  jv i.jii r;  . |:  - 

■»r  j.  •,»...■  i.-M  r_/.  11.^  .i  , - ■ 'f,  ‘A.  ■ : ■'ii.'-JSrH . . J 


fi  »■ 


yi^m  jAw 


i 


;v-. 


mc^c  ' ’ t ■ ■ ■ ..  IV  '‘c  v-j\S3  '•  !■•  *’  i ' 

,.  ;0‘'T  « •■  '■■'  ■<  ./  .-■'  ■ . V L'C>;S.  > • -r'  r ■ • ••i'.'.f • -jiliiliiB.  L 

'■  .'J  ‘i‘  ■ ' ' '4  ' : -'  ■ *'  A 

av.  Vi  ' ' 

'.  'v:  j'»  , '.  I.;  ‘,  'iV  ';.'-.'^|,.Ei®^“■  ■ ,.  ■'■■■-  '“ 

' I 


'A'.. 7 


I.'-: 


.r  - . . - . .^y 

V 


■‘V  1 »r 


■ ,.  , j ' ■'  V'i'  . lA  'Jo '»  ‘ ■ *■  *'  <*■■  • 

* ' «'' •‘■* -^‘  "i  '"■,'  ''''  ■■'■  J-  ' ' ■ ^■''  ■' - ^ ' V ' 

FyjA^fM.asv:*<'  'P!f ’i^ 

'■^JkXf'  .’.  '*  M V ' ■ ' ■'•>,  ’:  } ..  v'/,^  •<,  "A  4|»a 

r ‘ «A  _k.rt  ^ '.  M tf  ...  1.  ..iJk.t  ...  *)»*'  ''  .4 . * ...  **«,.».  ... 


'!  Xft-t:  vfi 


;*)■»« 


. ■ i «>'■■;'  . • ...  ••  j ''i" 

»f.  .fL  ■■.....:  -*■■-  ,...:i;‘V.ti--!  . ■.rki^v  ...:  ■■  :<K  ..  #■ 

' ‘ ■ ^ ‘ •-■^;*‘tg.‘*  jt.y-"  v ^irjiuirtiwryfr ' jii'  .'«g'j;«-;iy.r?g.:'g‘5j'j»^ 


7 


well  that  we  remember  that  results  obtained  on  coals  vary  from  coal 
to  coal  and  from  man  to  man,  and  that  v;hile  it  is  known  that  coal 
is  composed  chiefly  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  and  sul- 
phur, and  mineral  matter,  still  practically  nothing  is  definitely 
knov/n  concerning  the  method  of  combination  of  these  constituents. 
Consequently  the  great  variance  between  men  and  between  coals. 

Fractional  Carbonization  of  Coal. 

fhe  researches  upon  the  thermal  decomposition  of  coal  have  been 
quite  numerous  and  productive  of  a great  deal  of  information,  inval- 
uable when  used  in  the  furtherance  of  the  theory  of  carbonization. 
Foremost  among  these  researches  are  thos  carried  out  by  Burgess  and 
Y/heeler  in  England  and  Porter  and  faylor  in  iuiierica. 

Burgess  and  V/heeler,  working  with  four  representative  types  of 
British  coals  maintained  200  gram  samples  in  a vacu-um  (20mm)  at  tem.- 
peratures  of  100,  200,  300,  350,  400,  and  450  degrees  centigrade, 
and  drew  off  the  decomposition  products  for  analysis.  The  data  ob- 
tained in  this  manner  established  without  a doubt  the  following 
facts  as  summarised  by  Bone^'^^; 

(a)  "That  with  all  coals,  v;hether  bituminous,  semi -bituminous , 
or  anthracite,  there  is  a well  defined  temperature  betv/een  700’  and 
800'  v/hich  corresponds  with  a narked  and  rapid  increase  in  the  quan- 
tity of  hydrogen  evolved." 

(b)  "That  with  bituminous  coals  such  increase  in  the  quantity 
of  hydrogen  falls  off  at  temi)eratures  above  900',  but  with  anthracite 
it  is  miaintained  up  to  1100'." 

(c)  "fhat  the  evolution  of  the  paraffin  series  almost  entirely 
ceases  at  temperatures  above  700'." 

(d)  "fhat  ethane,  propane,  butane,  and  probably  higher  members 


8. 

of  the  paraffin  series  form  a large  percentage  of  the  gases  evolved 
at  temperatures  helov;  450’.'' 

[These  fact  led  to  the  follov/ing  conclusions^  - ^ : 

(a)  "[That  coal  contains  two  types  of  compounds  of  different 
ease  of  decomposition;  the  one,  the  least  stable,  yielding  the  par- 
affin hydrocarbons  and  no  hydrogen;  the  other  decomposing  v/ith  the 
greatest  difficulty  and  yielding  hydrogen  alone  (or  possibly  hydro- 
gen and  the  oxides  of  carbon)  as  its  decomposition  products." 

(b)  "[That  very  probably  the  difference  between  one  coal  and 
another  is  determined  mainly  by  the  proportions  in  which  these  two 
types  of  compounds  exist,  anthracite,  for  example,  containing  but 
little  of  the  more  unstable  constituents." 

Later  Burgess  expressed  his  belief  that  the  ’hydrogen  yielding’ 
(or  more  stable)  constituent  is  the  cellulosic,  and  the  ’.noaraff in- 
yielding’  (or  least  stable)  constituent  is  resinic, 

Bven  though  Vignon^S)  Hollings  and  Cobb^^)  also  noted  a 
marked  change  in  the  evolution  of  hydrogen.  Porter  and  Taylor  fail 
to  agree  and  maintain  that  the  platinum  and  iron  retorts  used  acted 
as  catalysis  causing  a secondary  decomposition  of  the  volatile  pro- 
ducts. The  results  obtained  with  iur-erican  coals  are  summarized  in 
the  following  statements'"^): 

(a)  "I.iore  than  two-thirds  of  the  organic  matter  in  coal  is  de- 
composed below  500’  and  that  the  older  coals  are  less  easily  broken 
do7/n  than  the  nev/er  ones  (western  coals)." 

(b)  "The  first  decomposition  results  in  the  breaking  down  of 
certain  oxygen-bearing  derivatives  of  cellulose  with  the  liberation 
of  water  COp,  and  CO." 

(c)  "Other  decompositions,  producing  paraffin  hydrocarbons  both 


========^ — fj- — 

liquid  and  gaseous,  begin  at  an  early  stage,  V.'hether  or  not  such 
decompositions  become  the  predominating  type  before  500’  depends  on 
the  character  of  the  coal,  and,  as  a general  rule,  the  higher  the 
ox^^gen  in  the  coal  the  less  will  bo  the  proportion  of  hydrocarbons 
and  tar  in  the  volatile  matter.  In  the  case  of  sub-bituiiiinous  coal 
the  ’ water-COo ’ yielding  reaction  predominates  up  to  450’." 

(d)  "Secondary  decompositions  of  the  primary  volatile  products 
occur  quickly  and  easily  at  temperatures  of  1550’]?  (732’C)  and  above. 
Ohe  liquid  hydrocarbons  undergo  such  decomposition  more  easily  than 
the  gaseous  products  and  yield  below  1350 ’F  methane,  hydrogen,  ethy- 
lene, hydrocarbons , and  carbon." 

Some  other  very  good  work  on  fractional  carbonization  has  been 
done  in  these  laboratories  by  J .E .Ilansend^ ) and  F.  G.  Straub^  ^ ; 
Straub  found  the  following  facts  to  be  true: 

1,  "fhe  first  point  of  marked  reaction  is  at  310’-330’C,  with  the 
evolution  of  methane  and  hydrogen,  with  smaller  amounts  of  ethylene, 
benzene,  carbon  dioxide,  water,  and  a tar  of  high  paraffin  content. 

2,  "180 ’ -190 ’Q  gases  and  water  are  liberated  from  the  coal. 

3,  "^bove  400 ’C  the  hydrogen  is  evolved  at  a constant  rate. — The  gas 

has  a decreasing  amount  of  methane,  small  amounts  of  carbon  dioxide, 
oxygen,  and  carbon  monoxide. " 

4,  Oxygen  appears  in  small  amounts  at  all  the  temperatures  under 
consideration  here. 

It  may  well  be  asked  at  this  point,  can  the  resinic  and  cellu- 
losic  constituents  indicated  by  these  fractional  carbonization  re- 
sults be  isolated  and  exarsined  as  sepsarate  individuals?  The  answer 
to  this  question  lies  in  the  work  which  has  been  done  v/ith  solvents. 


IT  Jin' 


10 


Examination  "by  Use  of  Solvents, 
liany  attempts  have  been  made  to  find  a suital3le  solvent  for 
coal  and,  until  recently,  hut  little  success  has  been  met  with.  Ex- 
tractions have  been  made  with  reagents  such  as  sulphuric  and  nitric 
acids,  sodium  and  potassium  hydroxides,  pyridine,  aniline,  phenol, 
etc.  Such  solvents  have  not  yielded  a true  solvent  action,  and  the 
extract  obtained  has  not  been  unchanged.  Consequently  any  results 
obtained  from  a study  of  such  bodies  can  be  of  no  value. 

Orue  solvent  action  is  thought  to  be  obtained  by  the  use  of 
benzene,  chloroform.,  alcohol,  ether,  petroleum  ether,  toluene,  di- 
phenyl ether,  and  xylene.  According  to  J.ja,.Smythe  ethyl  ether 
and  petroleum  ether  have  practically  no  effect  on  coal,  while  ben- 
zene, chloroform,  and  alcohol  extracted  from  1.8  to  3.0‘p  of  the  coal, 
Eisher  and  Grluud^"^)  working  in  Berlin,  did  considerable  work 
using  benzene  at  a temperature  of  £70 'C  and  a pressure  of  55  atmos- 
pheres obtaining  6,7fj  extract  as  compared  to  a previous  yield  of 
O.lf^  without  pressure  at  the  boiling  benzene.  Quite  exten- 

sive work  has  been  carried  on  in  these  laboratories  on  solvents, 
fhe  outstai'iding  example  of  this  is  that  of  R.  S.Eisher^  ^ ) , who  has 
used  xylene  at  a tem.perature  of  200  to  250'G  under  pressure,  obtain- 
ing extract  yields  as  high  as  30so  with  no  observed  decomposition  of 

\ 

the  coal. 

Effect  of  Gases  on  Carbonization. 

Som.e  research  has  been  carried  out  on  the  relation  of  gases  to 
carbonization.  It  has  for  some  time  been  knov;n  that  a great  miany 
of  the  socalled  non-coking  coals  delivered  large  quantities  of  car- 
bon dioxide  ux^on  distillation,  fhis  naturally  led  to  the  sin^posi- 
tion  that  the  evolution  of  some  gases,  or  at  least  the  -jpresence  of 


,1 


• f.-.j 

. . ♦ V.  . ^ 


'.■■'  ■ :■’  * ■i'va  . T-  ■■'  ! 


--■'f 


J.,  ,„.  ..  X . . iiVik-  i.  i N*. v:^ 


- „,^-  ■ 
f'W  -'y  ‘.'V  ' ' 

' ' V 1 * . 

L m^  ' 

t'^-r  ,u|;* 


■ r ■ ‘ 


r. 


: 


I.t. 


I J-j;  ■>  ‘ '■-, 


i.  y.' 


“> 

!■' 


- *• » ’ 

T>‘  ■■ 


M't» 


‘III 


•i  -^^A-  ■;”i* '■  t5‘*-  • ■•.'(  ' \ ' , ^ 

'^r  t'  "Ji.:'-'‘'V'r^.;^  „ ,4;k 

^ ■'  , ' ™ -‘  »1 


iJ  ’ 


V.'j 


l&: 


I '-;i  L*'  J f.  i 


a 


• V'Hr' 


V r 


a 


W‘  H 


■■  ^ .i.  ■'■  BssX'T’SiiJJ 


:r 


!'■ 


I 


-‘jtpr.v  > . /ftfjvt  vi'J  ' f..v  .■'V  . . S . 

c. 


-1  •.  ’l/i!  p.  . '.-&*X 


j.v  ' ^’-^  ■ '''-••  .S«‘vc  I. 

•’  •s'*'  if.''  . ^il  T,' ■•P-.-iiV 


. a;. 


£j\t/U  j •ji  < ^jXvlA*  y **-'X  i\i‘ X 


irO 


V'/  i .fvlA.y  \.'X  uu  Jt  i’^ 

o,n,  :y  'if  xii  V J ’■  . if  :xi^'.'flVmi ' S 


,'''>  ■ 


vl^'  A 


' I ...  ■' 

. fc-  ^ : ;■  ' ■ '.■•■'r.;  • ''  v"'  ' 

• <-^i>'--t4££|«i^’p.‘  yjir  f 

f;|.v  sii'  fiif  f ^x^4'Lp.  apV^' 

:if  ■ y ‘--rX'lv  v'  - 


iDtf  tV(ir^;.iV 

- 


'^■l. 


- t».T» 


■]''f 


• .!•  ' 1.  y''  .1 


J' 

■’y'X 


;1>  &ftji4  p.r..i^,  . . \vv.-vv.  A,.",r 

U ' JF  • ’ ■-  ••'  ■ w\  ••V  ...  ^••1.  • ny^.'vT  ^'iW  4t.  ^ \ 


. - ■ . tJVlX  ' .^  ‘ 

.TiT'  w-ab'»*w"v  f iiM?*  a^.i  /x’. 

i % /^ . . . , : 0 f /T';  $ ^ >4- 4 . ■' . J: 


. A'./.r  A; /(  J ■>/•'’  ■'*“' ^- A^i'y^.'  ■•■ -^  X‘- 

r ^ mf  Rcc^f.  <4%^-^  . tSpj'i ' 


V 


^.'Jujjlt'?^  ( 0 , •;>  U.  4y.  . .w  1 y .c  . , - - 


‘ 'a 


r 


^ -•; t\v , A^4,y;o-;4. > ' 4' ;;^ ‘ : J-’iH ' 'a?-* rf - . ■ * 

»-'^  ,: v^W.  ‘T-.-t •' '.  ',g  5£ 


^1.’ 


y ttr>^/ 


-Aid  U liO.tLA: 


' jiv  i#VkK. 


12. 

O2-y(10),  He  holds  that  there  are  tv/o  consituents  in  coal,  cellulos- 
ic  and  resinic , the  latter  the  bonding  material  and  the  former  the 
material  to  be  bonded.  As  heating  takes  the  resinic  softens, 

mingling  closely  with,  and  surrounding,  each  of  the  cellulosic  par- 
ticles. A continued  rise  in  temperature  causes  the  decomposition 
of  the  resinic  material  giving  off  hydrocarbon  gases  and  leaving  be- 
hind a pitch  like  bond  for  the  cellulose  which  becomes  hardened  upon 
further  heating  and,  by  action  of  the  gases  evolved,  gives  the  por- 
ous structure  called  coke..  Therefore  to  have  a suitable  coking  coal 
there  are  two  necessities: 

1.  The  coal  nmst  contain  sufficient,  suitable  bond  form- 
ing material  which  must  decompose,  but  not  distill. 

2.  It  must  be  possible  for  the  bond  forming  material  to 
surround  and  cling  to  the  cellulosic. 

The  resinic  material  must  be  able  to  stick  to  the  surface  of 
the  cellulosic  portion,  and  if  a gas  is  being  delivered  from  the  cel- 
lulosic surface  a niechanical  separation  is  produced  betvreen  the  bond- 
ing and  bonded  materials.  Dr.  Layng  believes  that  this  explains  the 
non-coking  of  oxidised  coal  and  that  the  distillation  before  decom- 
position of  the  resinic  portion  explains  the  non-coking  of  lignites. 

EXTEHILiSlIT^l. 

The  method  of  procedure  used  in  this  problemi  has  tv/o  distinct 
divisions; 

A.  Varying  amounts  of  gas  delivering  substances  were  mixed 
with  coal  and  the  resulting  mixture  v/as  then  carbonised.  The  coke 
formed  v/as  then  examined  and  photographed. 

B.  Goals  were  coked  in  the  presence  of  nitrogen,  carbon  diox- 
ide, and  air  by  the  use  of  the  apparatus  developed  by  V.' . S.Hathornedl 


o 


13. 


for  the  deterr'.ination  of  the  range  of  temperature  of  softness  of 
Goals. 

Apparatus  and  its  Manipulation. 

A.  'The  apparatus  used  in  the  first  half  of  this  problem  was  very 
simple.  Two  furnaces  were  constructed,  one  for  carbonization  and 
one  for  running  blanks  on  the  decomposition  of  the  gas  delivering 
substances.  The  first  was  merely  a 16"  x 6"  resistance  furnace 
v.'hich  was  kept  at  a constant  temiperature  of  500’0,  and  in  which  was 
suspended,  by  means  of  a v/ire , the  iron  crucible  containing  the  mix- 
tures to  be  coked. 

The  second  furnace  was  of  the  tube  type  about  18"  in  length 
with  a tube  of  1"  diameter.  In  this  furnace  v;as  placed  an  ordinary 
coribustion  tube  connected  to  a supply  of  nitrogen  and  containing  a 
small  test  tube  holding  the  substance  to  be  tested  for  decomposition. 
In  order  to  find  the  range  of  temperature  of  decomiposition  of  the 
substances  used,  they  were  heated  gradua,lly,  a degree  every  10  min- 
utes, in  the  narrow  furnace  with  a current  of  nitrogen  sw'eeping  out 
the  evolved  gases.  The  temperature  at  which  the  gases  first  began 
to  com*e  off  was  noted  and  heating  was  continued  up  to  500 'C,  but  no 
higher, 

B.  In  diagram  1 is  shovm  the  apparatus  for  determining  the  soften- 
ing and  solidifying  points.  The  electric  resistance  furnace  (H), 
Yith  an  Oldening  of  1-1/8"  in  diameter  and  a heating  coil  12"  long, 
v;as  connected,  through  a rheostat  (K)  consisting  of  64  feet  of  num- 
ber 16  nichrom;e  wire  wound  on  a 2"  asbestos  covered  pipe,  to  the 
110  volt  circuit.  In  the  furnace  was  placed  a short  length  of  hard 
glass  combustion  tubing  (P)  and  a 550'C  thermometer  (O).  The  coal 
(I)  v/as  held  in  place  by  a reduced  copper  spiral  (J).  The  gases 


' l?iW  ,.».' 


r.f 


v’^';:‘^^;p^m'  ^M-^'  -OP 

:f:  V T ^fk'--  ’’  ''■  ;vJ^  ' 

^' '"  Jj^  ' ’ ’’•.'V'''  JUiS  " i>‘  ' 

'f;:^.,^-  ^'U';'*'\;,,fl<«i,-'  iSJpilK  »;  . 


>/'■.  V,I 


4|K 

^H..' . 


M. 


. .Mi' 


( » I 


. a.  ■ .'WCQ 
! '■  %'JL,*  . ' 'li  , - 


C 


-.l'< 


^ ’ , w’ 


■ •'  ■ i. 


haiiuk. 


v-» 


VN  '.■» 


■ .. 


'*Hlw 

^ > I'  iW  . ' '*'  v^,- ■ \^f  * ky  <'^':^^L.  * 

. -.-  ’ ’;  , >V'  .'■ 

'[  J.  i'  ■''■>  ■'•■  . V;, > •'':' ''.-'  V ' S 


vtf,  #<  __ 

' : il,V''.t!j  'i;l  ■•  ■ > ■ 

# %•'  m*  j,-« V x«^^vi>i-|>  /,'i.  t ■?‘^3<rw|^'‘ ^ '«■; 

•\- 


-■.■  .t 


' ■i'  , V 


‘ ■ . .7,  ■..  V .'  ■ 


• •,  ..  .:  M I* 


1 i 


4,- 


\ , • jt-  >1  \’ ' ^ 


-i;,)-  ■ > 


i ,V*  *355w 


[v^  '..^i.'  , X i.L 

, , ,i-iy  .'  • Y ^^,-.  f 

, .'  t^V;  ^ 


' *v> 


IW 


f . y.'-  ■ / * ^ ^.r 


K' 


■ '•  • • ■,UT'‘ ,.  vl  _ .y.  - •■  ""yJWpn^  s ••  ,«./■  ^ ..  • ' jj  \4il 

' * .^  ■ . . 7. ^f.iL'iatiy  , -rjLLu/i^'if  'l:  . ,-\ 

lij|r*'  ;’;  ' PI’-  •^’Ha-"-  rry^/.Ty-tagcgty-  ts-ty  *-j»e 


L><  .1  .' 


14 


used  were  led  from  the  12  liter  bottle  (D)  past  the  r-anometer  (E) 
and  into  the  bottom  of  the  glass  tube  (F)  in  the  furnace.  A con- 
stant supply  of  nitrogen  was  obtained  by  the  use  of  the  constant  hecf 
apparatus  (A)  which  had  a head  of  910  cm.  of  v;ater.  Stopcocks  (B) 
aiid  (C)  were  used  to  regulate  the  flow  to  about  40cc.  per  minute. 

In  the  use  of  this  apparatus  the  copper'  spiral  is  reduced  in 
methyl  alcohol  and  placed  in  the  glass  tube  so  that  the  coal  will 
come  in  the  center  of  the  furnace,  fhe  coal  is  then  ground  through 
the  coffee  m*ill  and  poured  into  the  tube  v/ith  repeated  tapping  until 
10  cm.  of  it  is  packed.  Asbestos  is  then  packed  around  the  tube  at 
the  bottom  and  top  of  the  furnace  and  the  thermom.eter  inserted  be- 
tween the  tube  and  the  furnace  v/all.  The  tube  connecting  the  nitro- 
gen is  then  attached  to  the  combustion  tube  and  the  water  for  the 
constant  head  apparatus  is  turned  on.  The  shutoffs  for  the  iiitrogen 
bottle  are  then  ox:jened  and  the  electric  current  is  then  turned  on. 
The  temperature  is  raised  to  about  330 'C  at  the  rate  of  8-12 ’C  per 
minute,  but  at  350’  the  resistazice  was  increased  untilrthe  rate  of 
raise  of  raise  was  cut  to  1.8v’-2'  per  minute.  The  temperature  and 
pressure  were  noted  at  five  minute  intervals  till  some  slight  varia- 
tion in  loressure  was  noted.  As  soon  as  an  increase  in  pressure  was 
observed,  readings  were  taken  at  2 minute  intervals.  These  readings 
T/ere  continued  until  the  pressure  reached  the  masimium  and  then  re- 
turned to  the  initial  point. 

It  is  easily  seen  that  the  pressure  developed  is  the  result  of 
three  factors: 

1.  Softening  of  the  resinic  m.aterial  v/hich  impedes  the 
passage  of  a gas  through  the  coal  mass. 

2.  Back  pressure  of  gases  evolved  from  the  coal. 


* ’ • ■ ' U 1 . I - f , 

4f  T-  ...  ’(b  -V 


. i'fe-W  ■' 


, «, ...» > : ;■ 

'«/-  ■ ^'kMj^  s»'M  l’^;'{j'’''i«r-  ri oil?  ‘f.i’ {»jA 

.t: . r T;'V'  ■:,:  ' 

L,  _ _■  ^ la 


i ' 


{ti ) -I'  iVO-  ,t'>v  • . ••!(^'  V*? 


r '^1 

r 


i-.:U  ‘)f’ n^*  \ Ija, ■•.■*:?’»• 


" 

. I ‘J 

i N 


.‘  '-V  f'<f  .'f'J^ 

A...  • . , . 


■',T:U'. 


V ,'  f’-  1* 

.*’-t  :-j  :,  . v"V  '■xiV , 


»tf.t  w> . 


!t.!>  <s.  Af.TvM?,, 

Hi  < ' 'TIBfir*-  ■ 

. 'I  ?i»i  M ‘’£^'“^^•■<^4, 

f'rt  . ••  ' "'  ll:'  *'  mt- 


” ' ’ ’-.itf  rj  ..v.r.  .;, 


ft,<.  ■'- i 0:  l<, if’  |^,-  ^ iV> i 


5*- 

:it^ 


\'  ! r-.'itf.i'!:- 


'''  ■ '■  * .'•’  " ■'■  ■ ■ ■'  .)'  y.y^x  ^ :.H  I 

•’A:^  \f.‘ ;,?'1J->;  u-u , ’> , ■ i . >»  ^ 'i:  *. tj-  /■ 

-.'i'  - 

';‘ir  *N|-  ^ -‘vl  -<'  • ;i . . 

I’.  - • • ‘ >ii-r  .'•■  ty. ’ :••/ -a, • ^ 


i 


t 


■'/.  1 


■1^: 


■ » ,' 


■ ‘c  , r-  ' . » 1;^'  ^ *j,v  u . ^r:, 'Ij,  * 

V?"  i"-  '■  ' , . ^ ' ' ^■iiB  '*i.’'^"' 

'^^^0  aft$kx.  ..Mj  .Ci/d-.i  >».»•..  ••^ . .;»'' ; J ;< t fi . ’ :‘  ;■■  •^•.  '! 

L ':  . ®-)  , ' C ' ''  ■ •«’■' 3^*'  * '. 

I-  *,,.!  ■ llft'ji?'' * .'  .■,,*■  " .'  \ / 'a 

C . I p , ' riijliU  . I ■ #4*  ' ' * T- 

■■  ■^'^ilj£  :'■*•'  ■■^ ^'-’“i ' '■^-' ^ » Y ■ J • 


«n 


" ■ - -^  ”'  ■ V - i0^  ;/  ■ :J  ■ 


■ Avyiij; 

^ ';. ' .‘ill* 

^ ’■ • ■'^ '^  ' *'^  i’  •^■‘'-''i?-  • 

-w-  w.  --  ^ [j_<|ii> ']^i'  .^j-  ^ , ‘ \i 


15 


5.  Filling  of  the  tube  due  to  expansion  of  the  coal  ux^on 
the  apxjlication  of  heat. 

The  consequent  dropping  denotes  a hardening  of  the  coke  mass, 
a lessening  of  the  evolution  of  gases,  and  the  porous  formation  of 
the  resulting  coke. 


Discussion  of  Sesults. 

A.  Lead  oxalate,  magnesium  carbonate,  zinc  carbonate,  and  sodium 
bi  smut  hat  6 v;ere  run  in  the  tube  furnace  to  determine  the  range  of  tem- 
peratures over  T/hich  they  docom.posed.  fhe  res^llts  were  as  follov/s: 


Substance 


lias  Svolved 


Ran;{ e of  T emoe r at ur e s 


Lead  Oxalate  CO2  and  CO  290-500^0 

Llagnesium  Carbonate  CQ^  385-500 'C 

Zinc  Carl^onate  CQg  325-500 'C 

Sodium  Bismuthate  Op  310-500 'C 

An  eastern  high  volatile  coal  was  then  obtained,  ground  to  100 
mesh,  and  was  used  in  four  series  of  coking  tests.  The  results  of 
the  tests  are  shov/n  in  tables  1,2,3,  and  4 and  in  the  pictures  of 
the  corresponding  numbers  in  plates  I and  II.  This  coal  was  m.ixed 
intimately  in  a mortar  v;ith  finely  ground  portions  of  the  gas  deli- 
vering substances,  varying  the  amounts  of  each  substance,  but  alv/ays 
having  the  resulting  niixture  of  20  gramiS.  These  san'iples  v/ere  then 
coked.  By  looking  at  the  plates,  it  is  seen  that  in  each  series  a 
point  v/as  reached  at  which  no  coke  was  obtained;  m.erely  a powder. 

This  shov/ed  that  either  the  gas  evolved  or  the  mass  of  material  added 
caused  a cessation  in  the  coking.  In  order  to  deteri.iine  which  v/as 
the  case,  an  inert  substance  v/as  prepared  from  each  gas-delivering 
material  by  driving  off  the  gases  of  the  carriers.  Amounts  of  this 
inert  substance,  erxuivalent  to  the  inert  material  resulting  from  the 


16 


decomposition  of  the  gas-deliverin.!^  substance,  were  mined  with  the 
coal  and  coked.  In  sor.e  cases  even  larger  amounts  of  inert  material 
were  added,  hut  as  is  shown  in  the  photographs,  coke  v/as  formed  hy 
the  inert  plus  coal  vrhere  no  coke  v;as  formed  hy  the  gas-liherating 
substance  plus  coal. 

This  v;as  true  in  all  four  series  of  tests  and  seemiS  to  substan- 
tiate, at  least  for  eastern  high  volatile  coals.  Dr.'  T.E.  Layng’s 
theory  of  mechanical  intervention  of  gases  between  the  resinic  and 
cellulosic  materials. 

B.  The  above  work  shov/ed  a necessity  for  a distinction  between 
the  effect  of  a reacting  or  chemically  active  gas  and  the  effect  of 
an  inert  gas.  It  seem.ed  that  by  making  a study  of  softening  and 
solidifying  points  under  varying  conditions  something  pertaining  to 
this  difference  could  be  ascertained.  As  a result  the  following 
work  was  carried  out. 

Pour  coals,  ground  to  coffee  mill  size  vrere  started  v/ith. 

They  v/ere: 

1.  Hickory  Kill  Coal 
Gallatin  Co.  Ill, 

2.  United  Hlectric  Coal  Co.  #4  Lline, 

Vermilion  Co,  111. 

3.  O’Gara  Coal 
Saline  Co.  Ill, 

4.  Jellico  Coal 

Kentucky -Pastern  High  Volatile. 

It  is  a well  Imovm  fact  that  nitrogen  is  an  inert  gas,  that  it 
has  no  effect  on  the  action  of  a coal,  and  that  comparatively  little 
of  the  gas  is  adsorbed  by  the  coal.  Consequently  the  r.elting  and 
solidifying  points  were  determined  for  all  four  coals,  as  above  de- 
scribed, using  nitrogen.  The  Hickory  Hill  coal  and  the  Jellico 


yi” 


W 


I 


' "rfi 


'^^l  -.Ivl 


.'r.TO 


r 

t « 

v.l  • I « I 

-f  ' 


I 


c 


, 

I 


• ■ • .. 

•'  - -Ti  ■ ' ' 

•>  \ '.  ‘ ' 
./'■••«■  , t i, 


f 


I - 
r 


CUl' 


A.<  //J 


! , 


■7  »'!  '•  ' ♦ Vv'jL 


V 


« 

.1 


I 


-i. ' 

< 


i . 


,,n 


Ui 


17. 


coal  were  preheated  (300'  and  350')  and  cooled  dov;n  a-jain  in  nitro- 
gen "before  making  the  run.  The  Vermilion  Co.  coal  and  the  Saline 
Co.  coal  were  treated  at  350'  and  250 'C  in  the  same  manner.  The 
work  then  narrov/ed  down  to  the  Saline  Co.  and  the  Jellico  coals, 
which  were  then  treated  with  air  at  different  temi^eratures  in  exact- 
ly the  same  way.  Finally  the  Jellico,  eastern  high  volatile  coal, 
v/as  run  in  this  way  with  an 'atmosphere  of  car"bon'  dioxide  instead  of 
nitrogen.  The  total  number  of  runs  made  was  22,  and  they  are  listed 
with  their  corresponding  graphs  under  the  num.ber  of  each  run  in  the 
section  on  data. 

For  the  sake  of  simplicity  in  discussion  let  us  omit,  at  least 
for  the  time  being,  the  results  obtained  V7ith  the  Gallatin  and  Ver- 
milion count27  coals,  and  turn  our  attention  to  Jellico  coal  and  then 
to  the  Saline  Co.  coal. 

Run  wl  shov/s  that  the  softening  point  of  Jellico  coal  in  nitro- 
gen is  about  375 'C  with  a solidifying  point  of  460 'C.  How  upon  pre- 
heating, two  notable  phenomena  occur,  (1)  the  m^elting  and'  solidify- 
ing points  are  both  increased,  (2)  the  type  of  coke  obtained  is 
changed.  If  we  consider  coal  as  a complex  mixture  of  comjjounds 
v/hich  is  fairly  'Homogeneous  in  composition  for  the  same  sample,  v;e 
may  explain  this  shift  of  points  in  the  follo'v/ing  way.  mixture 
of  compounds  has  a melting  point  which  is  constant  although  extend- 
ing over  a large  range  of  temperature.  Coal  lias  such  a melting  point 
and  a corresponding  solidifying  point,  so  that  v^hen  t'nis  mixture  of 
compsounds  is  heated  in  a stream  of  nitrogen  the  gases  liberated  are 
carried  out  by  the  nitrogen,  and  polymerization  and  interlocking  of 
compounds  may  occur.  The  consequent  change  in  structure  in  this 
particular  type  of  coal  causes  the  shifting  of  the  melting  and  sol- 


V'”'  '-r 

■ i'.  -v.r 

! ' ' .;’K‘,  eM@| ^ 


I 


\ - . ; j. 


. '.Ik.  V .' f .Lv.^ 


1 


:.-J^'o^f\s.;  u X V.  ;4i';  !■  ; ,ff'4l^.=i^^i'/,,t^i.v  c 

El''  " ^ •,  ^ ' ':'it  r 


I'jk'.’^'-^’  . ,.  ■L.-'v’’.  ' '■  ■■  T‘?r  ■ "'v.  .’Jt'-  '^'ii:cCM■ 


i T'l  ‘j  i'v 


u * t. 


i vji 


V.  *(;  W 'V 


/ -a-  V 


P ■ 


■■•■  '.  t - s v',..  ..  A ..  ■t-‘ \ ■ .f>ti'L,-<'’'h^^ 


V4' 


/ i 


I ..•  • 'I 

.4fifc?ift  ilj  .t".'Q  ^ ..  K '■  ‘If.  .'iftk  igSItilf.*  <■»'  ^iUi« 

- ^ ^'..li^. U5SI.;‘  or,  . ■ . » C- ";■ : ^ ^ t ^ . ^ 


tiCi 


-i  •i'‘i''.''-%  ^.■i  j'.r(.W.i'  i C i ,It  s-;C'' 


I 


¥ 


,•  ’ ^ ‘ ri-yv  -.i.itv  fif, ; ;■  ' -K' ' *‘. 

'■  '■■■  '•■"-*■  **-.•■"  ■.'<>■■'' ii'T 


t 

i 1 
!'A\ 


i).  ’■  <■  ‘iiiJ ■*  *- • ! ♦ ■ 4^i»  Sw'f 

i,  ^%,;v 

I i''i  ^ ■ : ' ' .''^^rj^  ',  V i . ‘^'■''it/'i.  ’"n^VA  , ' ! ' ti"  ' 


liCjiC* 


'UV, 


ffiOLtr./  , .5K'f  . I \fef  - ,/%')  ■• 


f..t4 


<%£a 


>s^:^jnv^Tix^^  . ,.-rvry^^  ^jrriT-CJsp!^ 

^«V'v  j'-rj-!i'jj  i.  ' '/V  rt JisL^wli^.. 


18 


idifyin.^  points.  (These  facts  n.ay  be  clearly  deducted  from  runs  1, 

2,  and  3.  The  coke  samples  resulting  show  that  preheating  to  300 ’C 
gives  the  best  coke  while  350' C gives  a poor  coke.  These  samples, 
however,  are  not  reliable  because  of 'the  small  size  of  the  original 
coal  sample. 

In  runs  4, 5, and  G the  Jellico  coal  was  preheated  to  250 ' C , 200 ' G , 
and  150 'C  using  air.  Here,  in  runs  4 and  5 at  250'  and  200',  the 
variances  from  the  original  points  (Hun  1]  v;ere  indeed  great  and  of 
no  consistent  nature,  sho\7ing  that  the  oxygen  was  attacking  the  coal, 
probably  the  resinic  material,  in  proportion  to  the  time  of  exposure 
to  the  air  and  also  in  proportion  to  the  temperature  reached.  How- 
ever, at  150 'C  not  much  effect  had  been  made  on  the  coal,  and  a good 
coke  v/as  obtained. 

The  last  results  on  Jellico  coal  are  shown  in  runs  7,  8,  and  9. 
Here  the  coal  was  run  in  carbon  dioxide  and  the  same  softening  and 
solidifying  points  were  obtained  as  v;ith  nitroi<en  (for  the  original 
coal.)  Upon  preheating  to  350'C  and  300'C  these  points  were  not 
changed  to  any  great  extent.  The  change  v/as  in  aii  opposite  direc- 
tion to  that  in  the  case  of  nitrogen,  but  v/as  so  slight  that  no 
great  stress  could  be  laid  upon  it.  The  fact  of  such  little  variance 
upon  preheating,  may  be  attributed  to  the  greater  inertia  of  the 
heavier  gaiS  in  sweeping  out  the  gaseous  decomposition  products.  In 
this  case  as  in  that  of  nitrogen  the  preheat  to  300 'C  yielded  the 
best  coke.  Since  nitrogen  and  carbon  dioxide  gave  practically  the 
same  results  we  may  say  that  the  coking  properties  of  coal  are  not 
disturbed  by  the  mere  presence  of  carbon  dioxide,  but  that  the  pres- 
ence of  oxygen  is  capable  of  destroying  the  coking  properties  of  a 
coal. 


} 


19. 


It  is  nov;  necessary  that  we  consider  a coal,  the  Saline  Go., 
coal,  of  a different  c oust itiit ion  than  the  high  volatile  coal.  This 
coal  is  one  of  the  types  v/hich  has  not  yet  reached  such  a high  state 
of  degradation  in  the  cellulosic  constituent  as  has  the  eastern  high 
volatile.  Here  the  type  and  ai.iount  of  the  resinic  material  is  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  Jellico  coal.  The  resinic  material  of  the 
Jellico  is  sufficient  to  protect  the  cellulosic  from  oxidation  and 
is  the  only  part  affected  to  any  extent,  hut  here,  where  the  resinic 
material  is  greatly  different  in  character  and  amount,  an  oxidation 
of  the  cellulosic  material  would  he  very  easy.  This  very  fact  is 
shov/n  hy  runs  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  and  16.  Run  10  shov/s  the  soft- 
ening point  in  niti'ogen'T.to  he  35G'G2with  ai solidifying  point  of  490 'C 
Runs  11  and  12  also  in  nitrogen  show  that  x-i'eliss,ting  this  particular 
coal  in  an  absence  of  air  practically  destroys  the  coking  -povier  of 
the  coal  up  to  250 ’0. 

iJov;  when  we  consider  15,  14,  15,  16  v/hich  are  preheated  in  air 
(eq^uivalent  to  oxygen)  we  obtain  a cessation  of  coking  properties, 
hut  also  changes  in  melting  and  solidifying  points.  These  changes 
are  not,  however,  irregular  in  direction  as  in  the  case  of  the  Jelli- 
co coal,  hut  are  very  consistent  in  the  change;  the  melting  point 
always  being  higher  and  the  solidifying  point  al7;ays  being  lower 
than  the  original  in  nitrogen.  This  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the 
cellulosic  rather  than  the  resinous  material  is  attacked  hy  the  pro- 
cess of  oxidation.  Ho  run  was  made  'with  carbon  dioxide  on  this  coal, 

The  other  two  coals  are  shovm  in  runs  17  and  following.  Here 
.only  the  original  and  preheats  were  Eiade.  The  only  interesting  phe- 
nomena was  that  of  the  change  in  the  coking  power.  The  Gallatin  Co. 
coal  cokes  better  if  preheated  to  300 ’C  than  does  the  original  coal. 


9 ■ ■ 


■’*  • ' ^ v.frf^.-:-i  T.' 4. j'>»..-.  .^,  ‘J'\ 

^SHTjai  '•  ^ \ 

^*'  ■ V 


V ,•:■  ■ •-  ■ V '’■' , ic- ‘ 


f„!  J*v  ,,f|i.  : 'V  d;^'  '»Mi':oa?^/i^t»^  , 

.c*.T,i,v  1.  ft.  U'ir*  '.‘r  , .‘. i :iiS^ ,.. ■ 


- ■ Xaj-  fi'dO=.  .'V, : S.  -<'  • . ,:■  \ J .£  J ' i 


i‘H  A 


?*  / ( 


:‘i'*.-: . .J, . . „ '-  -t  4 


i ^ ' ■jM\ 


.;  .•^,;!^4  .&i^  . tdtl^ 


f ^ 


,F  , 


* ' *'  . * * ■'  ^ .'•  •<  4« ' vAr*  ,' 

,,I.  • IV-  ecv'  ..  •'  “ . ^' 


5! 


'■.Jin 


, .> 


. >.:  ^ t,  *'ir  5 

, ? » .’V  -,'. ..  <i  ' M'  i'T'  ^ i 4*  I 

*'  ‘fc  I aJ*’  ^ •■'*>/  ^i'’  ^ L"y-  ^ 


J 'ilf*  • . . 


. i^-v,  ‘.  • • ;.  • .. . :„:■  Vi:<  ^.\k3  *3  W 


’j^ziCBeajwa 


20 


while  the  Vermilion  cokes  better  if  preheateii  to  250 'C  than  does 
the  ori.^inal. 

C0i:CLU3I0IIb. 

From  these  results  we  may  conclude: 

1.  That  carbon  dioxide  has  some  effect,  probably  mechanical  or  me- 
chanical and  chemical  combined,  on  the  coking  pov/er  of  a coal  when 
liberated  inside  a mass  of  coal  over  the  critical  range  of  tempera- 
tures. However,  when  the  gas  is  r.'.erely  present  or  is  merely  sur- 
rounding the  coal  mags  during  the  coking  period,  it,  as  well  as  ni- 
trogen, has  no  effect  on  the  coking  po"/er  of  a coal. 

2.  when  liberated  in  the  mass  of  coal  and  when  merely  pre- 
sent during  the  time  of  coking,  has  a deleterious  effect  on  the  cok- 
ing pov;er  of  a coal.  This  effect  cannot  be  m^erely  mechanical,  but 
must  be  at  least  in  part  chemncal. 

3.  Preheating  some  coals  in  the  absence  of  air,  to  certain  tempera- 
tures, which  vary  from  cjal  to  coal,  betters  the  coking  powers  of 
these  coals. 

4.  Of  the  coals  tried  and  at  t?ie  temperatures  used,  the  highest 
point  to  v/hich  a coal  may  be  heated  in  air  without  affecting  the  cok- 
ing pov/er  was  150 ’G.  This  v/ould  indicate  thatiin  storage,  coals,  at 
least  these  particular  ones,  should  not  be  allov/ed  to  heat  above 
150’C. 

5.  The  portion  of  the  coal  attacked  by  oxygen  varies  v/ith  the  coal. 


TT.ATE  2 


21 


Table  I. 
Tubes  1 & 2. 

I- Coke  from  High 
Volatile  Coal. 

II- l  part  lead  oxalate. 

19  parts  of  H.V.Coal. 

III- 2  x)arts  lead  oxalate. 

18  parts  of  H.V.Coal. 

IV- 3  parts  lead  oxalate. 

17  parts  of  H.V.Coal. 

Table  II. 
Tub  e s 3 , 4 , 5 , 

I-  Coke  from  H.V.  Coal. 


II - 1  part  magnesium,  carbonate. 

19  parts  il.V.  Coal. 

III - 2  parts  magnesium  carbonate. 
18  parts  H.V.  Coal. 

IV- 3  parts  magnesium  carbonate. 

17  parts  H.V,  Coal. 

V- 4  parts  magnesium,  carbonate. 

16  parts  H.V.  Coal. 

VI-  5 parts  mia^nesium  carbonate. 
15  parts  H.V.  Coal. 

VII- 6  parts  magnesium  carbonate. 
14  parts  H.V.  Coal. 

VIII- 7  parts  magnesium,  carbonate. 
13  parts  H.V.  Coal. 


V- 4  parts  lead  oxalate. 

16  i^arts  of  H.V.  Coal. 

VI- 5  part^  lead  oxalate. 

15  parts  of  H.V,  Coal. 

VII- 3  parts  lead  oxalate. 
16  parts  of  H.V,  Coal. 

VII I- 4  parts  lead  oxide. 

16  parts  coal. 


& 6. 

IX-  8 parts  m.agnesium  carbonale’ 
12  parts  H.V,  Coal. 

X- 9  parts  magnesium  carbonate 
11  parts  H.V.  Goal. 

XI- 10  parts  magnesiu!. carbonate 
10  parts  H.V.  Coal. 

XII - 11  parts  magnesium  carbonalE 
9 parts  of  H.V.  -Coal. 

^kl  I i—  11  part  s magneaum  cerb  cnat  e . I 
9 parts  H.V.  Coal. 

iiIV-12  parts  magnesium,  carbcnate 
8 parts  H.V.  Coal. 

XV- 13  parts  miagnesium  carbonate 
7 parts  H.V,  Coal, 

XVI  - ]4  jart  s nag  ne  siurn  c ar b onat  e 
6 parts  H.V.  Goal, 


, ^ ^ ... 


- ■ : / 


•J 


i 


% 


i . 

1 


* . ♦ ^ 


( 


j 


c,  *'  ’ 

■■V  ' ^ 


I 


¥ 


Vi- 


I -.'t 


rrrr 


.liii  *1  M 


<^.  • 


22 


Tables  3. 


Tub  e s 

l-Coke  from  H.Y.  Coal. 


II- l  part  zinc  carbonate 
19  parts  H.Y.  Coal. 

III- 2  parts  zinc  carbonate. 
18  parts  H.Y.  Coal, 

IY-5  parts  zinc  carbonate. 
15  parts  H.Y.  Coal. 


Tubes 

I-  Coke  from  H.Y.  Coal. 


II-  2 parts  sodiuL'.  bismuthate. 
18  parts  H.Y.  Coal. 

III- 4  parts  sodium  bismuthate. 
16  parts  H.Y.  Coal, 

IY-6  parts  sodium  bismuthate. 
14  parts  H.Y,  Coal. 


7 C;  8. 

Y-3  parts  zinc  carbonate. 

17  parts  H.Y.  Coal. 

YI-4  parts  zinc  carbonate. 

16  parts  H.Y.  Coal. 

YII-2  parts  zinc  carbonate. 
17  parts  Coal. 

YIIi-5  parts  zinc  carbonate. 
15  parts  H.Y.  Coal. 


9 C;  10. 

Y.„-  8 parts  sodium,  bismiuthate. 

12  parts  H.Y.  Coal, 

YI..-10  parts  sodium  bismuthate, 
10  parts  H.Y.  Coal, 

YII-12  parts  sodium,  bismuthate. 

8 ]?arts  H.Y.  Coal. 

YIII-12  parts  decom.posed  or  bro- 
ken down  sodium  bismuthate. 
8 parts  H.Y.  Coal. 


* j ■ IT' 


>'  * 


r ■ /'V':--^ 


. ■ * >V  • '•  ''' 


I 


,«fi 


‘J  i'Cp,  ‘i.  -rai<i: 

'..if'TH'/C*  ‘Vt,  , A 4:.i  Tv'^V.Vl; 

/ •'  » -T,.  J - .^  . ! ^ 

.».',-.»^i.:(i-. ..  ■4'^!', -:;i-ir  l-H 


1 * .-■  -•■fv  , 


»4 


'IT:  14 


%-^>v  , n,'^  ly:^- . . ^ '0,1'  V4  4'ife.-  h-}‘‘*tU'^  '^,}ui 

e^  t.  “ ..  '•#■*'*  .*.  «->  k'  <ff  S'  *•% 


> ‘ s 


',''  't\ 

i£ 


j ■ 


. ■7S\“  > '.  •. 


f iC 


):4 

■ '‘''  M .4  ^ 


'fM( 


-t^v. 


Ti  Kp 

f 


:f .. 


& 


* « pf’t &*jHI3®  ■ rf T.,, 


• > j - »■  ^'  '•‘i’* 

« Sf'  '-y^  ' • • • .,:b  'V 


,I 


S- 


>:*  •'•  Apj4>V  • -> 

■ -.  W'*  *’■'  ^ ' *7  6^  ij‘/  f.  .''^v siaffl'  ■ 


^ V , ^ 


I > , '»■  > j ';;v: 

»>,■>  . 


•■•  . ■:■' -S7S'i" 

»«:■.,  .,/*,'s.-..>’:  , '..  ■’  '4^>‘'\. ■'7vS'' 

r>'  ■'Q'fllf!!!  ^i,'  , ‘V  ^T;  ^ |'  ' ^#  ‘ ' * ' 

'7;,;  ■'■  I ;,^^//4<i:iii®w 


54k 


p.  i ' >-  ■-.!  \ 

7.^'<  Bgjttir  LVJyy^ffe 


23 


Jellicoe  Coal --Kentucky. 
Run  irl. 


Eastern  High  Volatile. 


Original  Coal  in  Hitrogen. 


Pirr.e . 

Temp. 

Press. 

Time . 

Temp. 

Pres 

2:00P. 

11  330 

4 

2;59P. 

11  421 

750 

05 

344 

4 

3:01 

422 

740 

10 

360 

4 

03 

425 

728 

15 

372 

7 

05 

427 

702 

17 

375 

13 

07 

429 

674 

19 

377 

36 

09 

434 

628 

21 

379 

80 

13 

437 

530 

23 

381 

182 

15 

439 

456 

25 

383 

262 

19 

442 

324 

27 

385 

330 

21 

444 

260 

29 

387 

386 

23 

446 

210 

31 

389 

444 

25 

448 

162 

rr  r* 

oo 

391 

490 

27 

450 

122 

35 

593 

532 

29 

453 

88 

37 

396 

587 

31 

455 

60 

39 

398 

600 

33 

456 

46 

n 

399 

624 

35 

458 

36 

43 

402 

661 

37 

459 

28 

45 

406 

690 

39 

464 

27 

47 

407 

700 

41 

466 

23 

49 

410 

714 

43 

474 

18 

51 

412 

730 

45 

482 

17 

53 

415 

744 

47 

491 

14 

55 

419 

754 

49 

501 

14 

57 

420 

754 

Good  Coke 

Pormed. 

JelliQoe  Coal --Kentucky.. 
Run  #2 


Rastern  High  Volatile. 

Preheated  to  550  and  Cooled  in  nitrogen. 


Time . 

Temu. 

Press. 

Time . 

Tern;:. 

Press 

8:  SOP.  11 

350 

4 

8:57 

’390 

114 

35 

360 

4 

59 

593 

152 

40 

369 

4 

9:01 

396 

175 

45 

375 

6 

05 

398 

203 

47 

378 

10 

05 

400 

222 

49 

381 

17’'- 

07 

402 

244 

51 

382 

31 

09 

404 

260 

53 

585 

60 

11 

407 

284 

55 

388 

91 

13 

409 

308 

Hun  ( Gont . ) 


Time . 

Pemp. 

Press. 

'Time . 

Pemp. 

Press . 

9:15 

411 

^20 

9:57 

449 

476 

17 

415 

340 

39 

452 

480 

19 

418 

358 

41 

455 

480 

SI 

421 

376 

43 

458 

462 

S3 

424 

390 

49 

469 

276 

S5 

425 

400 

55 

485 

40 

29 

432 

430 

57 

486 

16 

31 

440 

432 

10:01 

490 

10 

33 

445 

454 

07 

500 

10 

35 

446 

468 

Coke  not  as  good  as  Original. 


Jellicoe  Coal--Kentucky . 

Coal  Preheated  to  300  C and  Cooled  in  Nitrogen. 

Run  v3 


P inie . 

Pemp. 

Press . 

Pime . 

Pernp. 

Press 

2:42P.!,I 

.550 

4 

5:31 

425 

728 

47 

368 

4 

33 

427 

741 

52 

377 

4 

55 

431 

760 

57 

384 

10 

37 

435 

772 

59 

387 

20 

39 

439 

780 

3:01 

389 

44 

41 

442 

780 

05 

392 

146 

43 

446 

780 

07 

394 

230 

45 

449 

770 

09 

396 

296 

47 

452 

740 

11 

397 

388 

49 

455 

684 

15 

402 

416 

55 

460 

518 

15 

404 

480 

55 

462 

424 

17 

405 

511 

57 

464 

276 

19 

406 

, 550 

59 

466 

132 

21 

410 

590 

4:01 

468 

44 

25 

412 

620 

05 

471 

20 

25 

415 

650 

05 

473 

18 

27 

420 

682 

07 

475 

18 

29 

422 

702 

Coke  good 


ti-'dHtil^-:..^-»,T  ..  iVf.jff.i^'f  iiTi'iiii^-ii 


, ■'s.'-  > '^. 


'ft... 


If 

i? 


rrr 


j.r.  ^v<  .'5yi- 


f^Tfl'*  ■ '■'Tit  ■'■'■%? 

■ j,  , . It: 


illE'  • J?f 

.y 

»a 


ICi:  filuC  ■;  ’ ■#1  , I 


• -If 


•r  >f^T^ 


.4*  "V"  - ^■ 


mi 

Vil^  ;■  i 'f  . ..  r(j*' 


■•?'•'  - 


i.^'f-n  fuel's 

• ■!  r)  .tildJt*  “ ^,^G0  '''^' 


,,'Si 

. (l. 


45' 


i , 


i •'► 

I 


''■^'rr''Wi  ’ 


1)  CjO^"  till  i4} 

^ -5  ;«■  ■ X. 

H,w*‘ 

■’ 

IS!.'‘ 


■'4? 

J:V4l 

aS;,£T'  -■  >P 


1 ■ • !*.k<  ,,, 


, V V 
-»i'i 

V' 

Vflv 

I ’.r  e; 

‘-  V' 
^ V 

(M 


.i-.  ^ 

4 ‘%’^V 

. - ' tf-'  ^ ' 

6ji''lt' 


*'  '.J I 

t>>;,v 

m1;*- 

c^r,. 


U’ 

;-^'- 

/.  F 

4.^' 
; r* 
U** 


‘ - <j  - / '•'  v'  5 T i^.ii  '.-A  ^ yft 

' • V..  r''^^x.o-4'5,:,  rj!| 

Ck-^.  ■-  :p 


v,».*-*y 


aa" 

Vft  , 

"i-* 


3 ' 

: : / 

' <Jx. 

r : : 

%y,  • 

':;  •^’■* 

( 

i. 

-.,\^  i . 

V‘v' 

*,  " ' '', 

■ i 

4 

'4 

V,  > 

:a 

■ , , 1- 

• 

i ’ .» 

V y ■'  ■ 

• ' £i.i  ■ 

'01. 


«A  ( ■»;.,:• 


-Tlfc 

i(ft>»v  ,:,  Siir  '.i  is-,:* 

•O#''.;?'^  V.;;  JS 

'i' 

..,•  ,»"  ■ 'V  J/,.  rV^  5;-  ' /%  ■ 


* «. , 


, />:-*■  i 


‘^‘  V 


&'-'r  '-a 


;-4',  . ,;  'M 


--  Ty  r-  lasorArpt^** 


. , vr 

.M  j?V,V 

ir?7-  v"aji:if . pa:rit9TSgT^  «yyr’3*'quitLJ^^ 


Jellicoe  Coal 
I\un 

Preheated  to  250  C and 

-Kentucky 

A4 

II  ^ 

Cooled  in 

• 

nir . 

25. 

C?ime . 

Temp, 

Press . 

Time . 

Pemu . 

Press . 

4 ; 17; 

350 

5 

4:42 

384 

82 

18 

368 

10 

44 

396 

78 

20 

374 

20 

46 

400 

70 

22 

576 

334 

48 

404 

64 

24 

378 

50 

50 

407 

54 

26 

380 

64 

52 

408 

48 

28 

382 

80 

54 

409 

40 

30 

584 

88 

56 

410 

32 

32 

386 

90 

58 

412 

28 

34 

388 

92 

5:00 

415 

26 

36 

390 

94 

02 

418 

22 

38 

391 

92 

04 

420 

20 

40 

392  90  25  500  20 

Very  poor  coke  almost  no 
coking  at  all. 

Jellicoe  Goal--Kentucky . 

Pun  -}5, 

Preheated  to  200  G and  Cooled  in  Air. 

Pemp. 

Press . 

Pi  D’.e . 

Pemp. 

Press . 

7:29 

350 

3 

8:04 

407 

90 

34 

360 

6 

06 

410 

104 

36 

361 

7 

08 

414 

89 

38 

363 

10 

10 

418 

65 

40 

364 

10 

12 

421 

54 

42 

368 

10 

14 

425 

50 

44 

371 

12 

16 

428- 

43 

46 

376 

13 

18 

430 

35 

48 

380 

13 

20 

454 

31 

50 

384 

15 

■ 22 

439 

27 

52 

387 

17 

24 

442 

22 

54 

390 

18 

26 

444 

20 

56 

393 

23 

28 

451 

20 

58 

394 

23 

30 

457 

20 

8:00 

02 

397 

403 

30 

61 

Poor 

40 

Coke . 

475 

20 

Jellicoe  Coal — Kenoucky. 

Run  v6 

Preheated  to  150  C and  Cooled  in  Air 


26 


Time . 

?eiTip 

, Press. 

Time . 

Temp. 

Press, 

1:57 

350 

5 

2:48 

414 

492 

2:02 

364 

5 

50 

416 

510 

04 

366 

7 

52 

418 

530 

06 

368 

7 

54 

420 

544 

08 

371 

7 

56 

424 

550 

10 

374 

^7 

58 

426 

544 

12 

376 

10 

3:00 

427 

510 

14 

374 

20 

02 

429 

440 

16 

382 

36 

04 

431 

340 

18 

384 

58 

06 

434 

224 

20 

386 

82 

08 

436 

140 

22 

389 

124 

10 

438 

90 

24 

391 

164 

12 

440 

52 

26 

393 

192 

14 

443 

32 

28 

595 

224 

16 

444 

27 

30 

397 

260 

18 

450 

23 

32 

398 

300 

20 

460 

20 

34 

400 

320 

22 

468 

23 

36 

402 

350 

24 

474 

20 

38 

404 

380 

26 

482 

20 

40 

405 

402 

28 

490 

20 

42 

406 

420 

50 

496 

20 

44 

409 

448 

32 

500 

20 

46 

412 

472 

' 

Better  Coke  than 

Original . 

Jellicoe 

Coal --Kentucky. 

Run  #7 

Original  Coal 

. in  Carbon  Dioxide. 

?irii0 . 

. Press. 

C?ime . 

Temp. 

Press 

2:09 

350 

1 

2:50 

426 

370 

14 

364 

2 

52 

428 

400 

18 

376 

8 

54 

451 

424 

20 

380 

30 

■ : 58 

434 

460 

22 

382 

70 

3:00 

436 

466 

26 

384 

120 

02 

439 

484 

28 

386 

144 

04 

440 

484 

30 

390 

170 

07 

444 

480 

32 

394 

192 

09 

448 

468 

34 

397 

210 

11 

450 

440 

36 

400 

226 

16 

457 

310 

38 

401 

240 

18 

460 

220 

40 

402 

260 

20 

463 

90 

42 

404 

270 

22 

465 

40 

44 

46 

407 

410 

P2 

308 

26 

467 

■ ^0 

15 

48 

414 

334 

Time . 

Terori. 

Jellicoe  Coal--Xentucky . 
Run  r,  8 

Preheated  to  550  C and 
Cooled  Down  in  Carhon 
Dioxide . 

Press.  xime.  Oenp. 

Press. 

27. 

! 5:08 

550 

5 

3:39 

423 

530 

15 

570 

4 

41 

427 

342 

15 

572 

8 

43 

432 

350 

17 

574 

24 

45 

440 

362 

i 19 

576 

60 

47 

444 

374 

21 

578 

120 

49 

446 

480 

L 25 

583 

170 

53 

448 

344 

! 25 

386 

204 

55 

449 

250 

! 27 

388 

222 

57 

455 

100 

29 

393 

250 

4:00 

460 

.50 

51 

398 

274 

05 

467 

32 

53 

401 

290 

10 

470 

20 

1 55 

408 

308 

12 

473 

20 

1 37 

!2im6. 

414 

-erp. 

318 

Jellico  Coal --Kentucky. 
Run  fr'9 

Pi'eheated  to  300  C and 
Cooled  in  Carbon  Di- 
oxide . 

Press.  Time.  Temp. 

Press . 

10:52 

550 

2 

11:30 

412 

280 

57 

360 

3 

32 

416 

300 

11:02 

368 

3 

34 

319 

314 

04 

570 

4 

36 

423 

330 

06 

374 

9 

38 

428 

344 

08 

577 

114 

42 

435 

374 

10 

380 

30 

44 

437 

388 

12 

384 

72 

46 

440 

390 

14 

386 

100 

48 

442 

374 

16 

390 

152 

50 

448 

320 

18 

391 

144 

52 

451 

170 

20 

394 

166 

54 

452 

50 

24 

598 

211 

56 

456 

16 

26 

402 

232 

56 

460 

11 

28 

406 

256 

12:00 

466 

10 

O'Gara  Coal-3aline  Co.  Illinois. 
Pun  ti-10 

Original  Coal  in  Pitrogen. 

CD 

• 

Time . 

TemiD. 

Press . 

Time . 

Press , 

3:46 

350 

20 

4:39 

446 

650 

53 

362 

40 

42 

450 

670 

58 

370 

47 

43 

451 

674 

4:03 

379 

80 

45 

454 

690 

05 

384 

110 

47 

457 

700 

07 

388 

132 

49 

460 

714 

09 

392 

170 

51 

462 

724 

11 

398 

210 

53 

464 

740 

15 

402 

260 

55 

468 

750 

16 

407 

310 

57 

470 

760 

17 

411 

360 

59 

472 

762 

19 

415 

412 

5:01 

475 

770 

21 

417 

442 

05 

480 

780 

23 

419 

472 

08 

485 

710 

25 

421 

494 

10 

486 

470 

27 

425 

536 

12 

488 

250 

29 

428 

550 

14 

491 

110 

31 

431 

570 

16 

492 

50 

33 

455 

592 

18 

497 

30 

35 

37 

439  614 

442  632 

Coke 

O'Gara  Coal-- 
Preheated  to 

22 

Formed. 
Saline  Cc 
Run  # 11. 
350  G and 
IJitrogen, 

500  30 

. Illinois. 
Cooled  in 

Time  • 

Temp, 

Press . 

Time . 

Temp. 

Press . 

7:50 

350 

4 

8:35 

415 

40 

55 

355 

4 

37 

417 

40 

8:00 

360 

4 

39 

420 

34 

05 

376 

4 

41 

422 

32 

10 

387 

4 

43 

423 

32 

15 

392 

4 

45 

426 

27 

17 

594 

4 

50 

430 

17 

19 

396 

S 

55 

436 

12 

21 

399 

12 

9 :00 

444 

10 

23 

400 

17 

05 

453 

10 

25 

402 

23 

10 

458 

7 

27 

404 

30 

15 

472 

7 

29 

407 

32 

20 

486 

7 

31 

410 

34 

25 

494 

7 

33 

413 

36 

ITo  Coke 

30 

• 

500 

7 

r." : .,M'$»„'  ■ 


jSt^^YJ;  ■ V'^ 


■ ..  - fv'.  . J. 

...'  ^ ' TTTM 

‘->-^4.,j.-  : • ■&/.  .'•,>,  ttv; 

(.;?»■'■  •:'.  ,tn; 


A! 


--a2^'  Vfr’^v''''  * r- 


"TaV?-'  At  .#  -cs'.'i'  ;:  '.: 


i* 

» . 
« ' i 


' 4 ; 

, r*  * 


II*' 

.lO'i 


<r 


V,  ,i» 


~j  ■■■  ^ , m i?l3.':'  m 

M'fi,  ••  -^4.  . C.  , , . a-.'j.'/ ;;‘ 

^ - ■-..  '-t^'  > ''^ir  O^v  ;,.  / ■ .icu 

/ '.JMraAa  ')f'V  . -:.  'V.;:V  :^mM  *1. 


1 


T 


.*■* 


t ')  '.  ■ 


; ’ ■ ■ ' ",  '.‘v  , %« 

; * ' • C'V  •:  ■^'t  i.ifif  ••  -X  • , fvP.  ‘’’  * '‘KJ ,’  ^7 ' 

.IT  -(  . A W>'”i  . * — ' 


^ t w; — ‘,5 

■'  U .•  • ''t'i'^ 

‘ -At  ■ ' *«••  „ is  • v“,-.« 

..Oc'''.'  :-^ (i*' ’fei 4*1^  . v’^'SpiSi  r?',| 

(,.;:*  ir  ■'(*''«  ' *’'"■''■  ' 

i'  >•  3J. 


' t 

T*  - 


• y>. '.,  ..  <.v,v  "•  'i;x  \ --5'4v  V 

■|  J*..  J V,  .u  (A-Ai  . S'..lSk 


t ‘ ,.  - '''3S& 

ve;.  J 

:..  1! 

•^"“S  ‘v''- 


29. 


O’O 

ara  Coal-- 

-Saline  Co. 

Illinois 

• 

Run  # 12. 

Preheated  to 

250  C and 

Cooled  in 

nitrogen. 

'ime . 

Temp. 

Press. 

Time . 

Temp.  ; 

Press. 

ai 

350 

4 

9:03 

4 21 

14 

16 

360 

4 

05 

423 

12 

21 

365 

4 

07 

425 

12 

26 

383 

5 

09 

427 

10 

31 

386 

11 

11 

429 

PQ 

36 

391 

22 

13 

431 

8 

41 

397 

32 

15 

433 

8 

43 

398 

36 

20 

437 

8 

45 

400 

40 

25 

445 

7 

47 

402 

40 

30 

452 

7 

49 

405 

37 

35 

460 

7 

51 

408 

41 

40 

470 

6 

53 

410 

42 

45 

480 

6 

55 

412 

34 

50 

489 

6 

57 

415  ■ 

30 

55 

497 

5 

59 

417 

23 

57 

500 

5 

':01 

419 

19 

Go 

ke  as  good  as  Original. 

O' 

Gara  Coal' 

-Saline  Go. 

Illinois 

• 

Rim  # 13. 

Pi'eheated  to  350  C and 

Cooled  in 

Air. 

xirne. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Time. 

Temp. 

Press. 

2:43 

350 

4 

3 :55 

394 

12 

48 

358 

4 

40 

408 

10 

53 

358 

4 

45 

409 

10 

58 

362 

5 

50 

410 

10 

3:05 

367 

7 

55 

412 

13 

08 

370 

8 

4:00 

430 

10 

13 

373 

10 

05 

440 

12 

25 

380 

10 

15  ■ 

485 

9 

30 

386 

10 

30 

510 

8 

IJo  Coke 


<S.k>di».'....'» .'r»i:-*i i id - f.'^.ii .., ^ 1 1 - ■-. .. . ■ . 


* ■ 


I,  , r.-..'  If* 


% . '■  M J -vV^'' 


T-' 


;■’(  ‘ ■■ 


y ■ . ri.i,  »< 


!sl ' - • 

n • 

•i  '..  ^ 

ifet 


■iv  ^ ' lI  ! <^4usiu3  fci:4..iS!!(ifc'V 


ii„  7'  -^:^  ■■■',  ' 

* ki-r  ^_5!  ^ !!''\jf'  * fc.jj  * if  t*  ^ ^ 


> \'- 


■"'  l ■>  ■* 


'-'hi 


'v;,  -'  ;■  V’ , I'^rV  ;; , oa^,; 


I'  I • • . . '■  ■'I  t ' ■ V.  - , yrt%  ■; 

V)  >”<»:•£'  -’Kf^  .V‘'.'*w  ' ■ TO  ■■ 

-v^"  ’'lgd"V<-  -■  ^ :W> 

. t m-:!  ‘i  : •/•■ 


{.*  k’  ■ . ; ■ - • . . ' * « ^ 


, ,<.i 


iM  " "fe 


tSit” 


*;'?  ; ■.:«;  JT  as. ' 


A f%i'  . 


^f{r 


• i.-'^  S 


^ i r^  ' ■ M t . 


.ii'U.f*C-aiei^'?'  • 


j.  ■ I 


4^1 


' > *t 


w 


.i  Vv--*  ■■'i 


: <y.,l 


• V ■*  ‘>.'«'? 

r>-  IM 
■ T 
■ '/■ 
Ot 
'U 
3-:- 
C,. 


\U  (^t\  ’^iL. 

' ’.  ' ' ' .' 

■,  ■ ',*;■  < ■ ^ZT'\.  ' ■-'•*- 


6v  i 


‘N 

t > 


‘vV 

ri^ 


i < •' 


■^'''■'?J  V 1.*  •' 

• •■  y if  :i,V  I't  •! 

, J„  /»'  ■,  W*'i  ^ i 


:m 


A 7 7.: 7^7  ^-  71  -I  --® 


C.v- 


• . V 

U‘ 


\ A ' . i:V:.OY(i',v  v< 

»;>'«'■  i'3 


'V'n  W £V-ii,^ii  fliUl:. 


,.,.  . ^ :u7% 

h'  f-  ■ ) Cfc.v  li-ii 


;'V 

'I  ''AifituSvi'  i 


if;.  '■ 

iy  .6  .<L  _--'i  ■ ’Ji 


\J 

it 


MV  .'■/■.  ■ 


ir»  M»— 


31 


0 ' Gara-Saliiie  Co.  Illinois. 


Run  # 16. 

Coal  Preheated  to  150  C and 


Cooled  in  Air. 


Tine . Temp.  Press. 


9:19 

350 

10 

24 

368 

10 

29 

380 

334 

31 

383 

662 

33 

385 

100 

35 

387 

140 

37 

589 

180 

39 

391 

241 

41 

393 

284 

43 

395 

528 

45 

397 

370 

47 

399 

410 

49 

400 

450 

51 

406 

480 

53 

412 

511 

Time . 

Temp. 

Pre; 

Cl  . f;  r; 

%/  # t-/ 

416 

542 

57 

420 

560 

59 

423 

550 

.10:01 

428 

455 

03 

429 

318 

05 

433 

164 

07 

437 

82 

09 

441 

42 

11 

448 

32 

13 

452 

27 

15 

453 

25 

17 

456 

18 

19 

462 

12 

21 

466 

12 

22 

469 

11 

52 


United  Electric  Coal  Co.  Lline. 
Vermilion  Co.  Illinois. 

Run  7)^17. 


Original  Coal  in  iJitrogen. 


C?ime. 

Temp. 

"Press . 

Time . 

Temp. 

Press 

1:47 

530 

. 4 

2 :35 

417 

850 

52 

349 

5 

37 

421 

870 

55 

353 

12 

39 

124 

880 

57 

354 

22 

41 

427 

894 

59 

356 

40 

43 

430 

896 

2:01 

357 

54 

45 

432 

900 

03 

360 

^86  . 

47 

437 

906 

05 

363 

110 

49 

438 

910 

07 

366 

140 

51 

442 

911 

09 

370 

174 

53 

444 

900 

11 

371 

210 

55 

447 

892 

13 

373 

258 

57 

448 

886 

15 

374 

350 

59 

450 

854 

17 

376 

402 

3:01 

453 

770 

19 

382 

482 

03 

456 

670 

21 

388 

552 

05 

457 

484 

23 

398 

628 

07 

461 

232 

25 

400 

682 

09 

469 

92 

27 

404 

730 

11 

472 

54 

29 

407 

773 

15 

478 

o30 

31 

410 

821 

19 

483 

26  ' 

33 

414 

830 

27 

491 

21 

Coke 

Good. 

United  Electric  Coal  Co. 

#4  nine 

Vermilion  Co. 

Illinois . 

Run  # 

18. 

Preheated 

to  350 

C in  Eitrogen. 

xime . 

Temp. 

Press . 

Tim.e . 

Tern.' 

. Presi 

3:15 

330 

3 

4:22 

398 

_12 

43 

357 

3 

26 

401 

12 

48 

360 

4 

28 

402 

13 

58 

373 

4 

30 

405 

13 

4:00 

375 

5 

32 

408 

15 

02 

373 

6 

34 

410 

16 

10 

386 

6 

36 

415 

17 

12 

388 

8 

52 

428 

17 

14 

390 

9 

54 

428 

14 

16 

392 

10 

56 

431 

14 

18 

394 

10 

58 

434 

13 

20 

395 

11 

5:00 

438 

13 

'‘r; 


V I ^ .►/, 


■ ; „ ' ■*  “'i 


■ . '■■  ■ :.  ■ .f?^■  ' V?  WM . ■ • viS 


590  ,A  :.x  ,_  :??■,■ 


.'6x; 

■r.!? 


UiCi"  •■';i 

;i:;r  ’ 

«>f>'  |<  5^5 

IwiV-  ..'-'t'i^' ' K,  '■  ' •:  -V 

it  \ % ' 


iS;'  > - 

V^v  '•'''V  , 


•-0V, 


>.Tl 

>,YV 


01-^ 


■'W^;.-‘  ‘Hn-  'V,-.^Aji 

'v^i  ' ••'•^  ,/ u^V'4f,.  ^ 



n'.v 


■;e 


yA  « < 


,K' 

V*  * 

^ *rl 

£i 


sM 

it)i 

-.  VJlv 

■./'  >•' 


£0; 


..  r^' ■ 

:,71'  '■"• 


‘If.' 

■®'-"-''  Jw  VStVi  '£V,„ 

u if'W®  '.'rT"  ».  *ej.';; 

fii  -T’f'!  .;.  nTOH't 

?f . *''4^:3'  ' ' Iff  '■■’ 


t > 

- ti 


4 

r\\\  fjkiJitl^si^:^:  •*  ^ ^ 


. » i . I?  X I » 1)6 ; a6  fl  ,U‘f,’  r--  V_  > < 

'’.*■■  *‘.t,  A '■  .i.'W 


t'*’  t I'. 

S'  - 


33 


Run  f 18  (cont.) 


Time . 

Terip . 

Press . 

Time . 

Temp. 

Pi’ess. 

5:02 

44£ 

12 

5:16 

468 

9 

04 

445 

12 

18 

473 

8 

06 

447 

11 

20 

475 

8 

08 

452 

10 

26 

494 

8 

14 

463 

10 

Time . 

Temp 

United  Rleotric  Coal  Co.  #4  Lline . 
Vermilion  Co.  Illinois. 

Run  # 19 . 

Preheated  to  250  C and  Cooled  in 
Nitrogen. 

. Press.  Time.  Temp.  Press. 

1 : 58 

550 

6 

2:50 

406 

510 

2:03 

344 

6 

52 

409 

484 

08 

349 

9 

54 

411 

452 

13 

355 

27 

56 

414 

386 

18 

362 

72 

58 

415 

348 

20 

365 

110 

3:00 

417 

224 

22 

367 

150 

04 

422 

194 

24 

368 

184 

06 

423 

156 

26 

371 

214 

08 

426 

90 

28 

375 

260 

10 

429 

62 

30 

383 

304 

12 

432 

48 

32 

385 

360 

14 

454 

38 

34 

386 

392 

16 

437 

30 

36 

389 

420 

18 

440 

23 

38 

392 

460 

20 

443 

17 

40 

394 

484 

22 

446 

15 

42 

397 

506 

24 

448 

12 

44 

399 

520 

26 

451 

11 

46 

401 

526 

30 

456 

11 

48 

404 

530 

Coke  as  good  as  Original. 


^2tme . 

Hickory  Hi  11 -Gra  Hat  in  Co.  Coal  Illinois. 
Hun  # 20. 

Original  Coal  in  llitrogen. 

2ernp.  Press.  Time.  Temp.  Press. 

• 

to 

o 

4 

3:19 

418 

404 

26 

352 

4 

21 

422 

390 

51 

356 

17 

23 

426 

352 

53 

360 

4S 

25 

431 

326 

35 

364 

84 

27 

434 

292 

37 

369 

132 

29 

426 

272 

39 

374 

170 

33 

439 

220 

41 

375 

210 

35 

441 

196 

43 

376 

242 

37 

446 

168 

45 

378 

268 

39 

450 

150 

47 

380 

298 

41 

454 

126 

49 

381 

320 

43 

458 

115 

51 

383 

342 

45 

461 

102 

53 

387 

368 

47 

464 

88 

55 

589 

386 

51 

469 

66 

57 

391 

406 

53 

472 

58 

59 

393 

428 

55 

474 

54 

3:01 

396 

448 

57 

475 

36 

03 

397 

462 

59 

476 

50 

05 

399 

474 

4:01 

478 

25 

07 

401 

490 

03 

479 

37 

09 

404 

504 

05 

481 

43 

11 

406 

504 

07 

487 

27 

13 

409 

484 

09 

491 

20 

15 

410 

470 

11 

496 

20 

17 

Oime . 

413  442 

Fair 

Hickory  Hill 

Preheated  to 
Temp.  Press. 

Coke  Ohtai 

Gallatin 
Hun  #21 
Hun  #21. 

300  C and 

Time . 

ned. 

Co.  Coal  Illinois. 

Cooled  in  llitrogen. 
Temp.  Press. 

7:35 

326 

24 

8:07 

398 

406 

40 

350 

26 

09 

402 

430 

45 

359 

37 

11 

407 

454 

47 

363 

58 

13 

410 

454 

49 

366 

82 

15 

412 

434 

51 

368 

124 

17 

414 

390 

53 

372 

170 

19 

416 

322 

55 

377 

220 

21 

418 

248 

57 

380 

262 

23 

420 

210 

59 

382 

300 

27 

422 

110 

8:01 

386 

340 

29 

424 

380 

03 

390 

360 

31 

425 

66 

05 

395 

382 

33 

427 

56 

35 


9 

Run  7f21 

( 0 ont . ) 

Time . 

Temp. 

Press. 

Time . 

Temp. 

Pre 

8:35 

429 

50 

•8:43 

440 

55 

37 

432 

45 

45 

434 

33 

39 

434 

42 

47 

446 

33 

41 

437 

37 

Hickory  Hill-Gallatin  Co.  Coal-Illinois . 

Run  #22. 


Preheated  to  350  C and  Cooled  in  ITitrogen. 


Time . 

Temp. 

Press . 

Time . 

Temp. 

Press 

3:04 

330 

6 

3:49 

401 

290 

09 

338 

6 

51 

402 

266 

14 

345 

8 

53 

403 

234 

19 

352 

26 

55 

407 

192 

21 

355 

43 

57 

410 

158 

23 

358 

70 

59 

413 

124 

27 

362 

146 

4:01 

415 

104 

29 

366 

170 

03 

418 

. 76 

31 

371 

202 

05 

420 

62 

33 

377 

234 

07 

421 

55 

35 

380 

260 

09 

424 

30 

37 

383 

290 

13 

429 

27 

39 

386 

312 

15 

431 

21 

41 

389 

324 

17 

432 

18 

43 

392 

326 

21 

436 

17 

45 

396 

314 

23 

442 

17 

47 

399 

310 

Poor  Coke. 


36 


Bibliography . 

I,  V.B.Lev/es.  ^he  Carbonisation  of  Coal. 

E.  Journal  of  the  Frankliii  Institute.  1917,  page  400. 

3.  Y.'hite  and  Ohiessen.  fhe  Origin  of  Coal.  Bulletin  38  Bureau 

of  nines. 

4.  Vf'm.  X..  Bone.  Coal  and  its  Scientific  Uses. 

5.  Cornptes  Rendus.  1912,  page  1514. 

6.  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society  1915,  page  1114. 

7.  Porter  and  Uaylor.  The  Primary  Volatile  Products  of  Coal. 

Uech.  Paper,  140  Bureau  of  Hines. 

8.  P.B. Hobart.  Phe  Bffect  of  Ox^^gen  and  Carbon  Dioxide  on  the 

Carbonisation  of  Coal.  Thesis.  University  of 
Illinois,  1921. 

9.  R.S. Fisher  A Study  of  the  Extractive  Action  of  Bensene  and 

Xylene  on  Coal  at  High  Pressures.  Thesis.  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois,  1922. 

10.  T.E.Layng.  Lecture  on  Theory  of  Carbonisation,  1922. 

II.  V/.S.Hathorne . The  Determination  of  the  llature  of  Coking  and 

I'Ton-coking  coals.  Thesis.  University  of  Illi- 
nois, 1922-3. 

12.  J.S. Hansen.  Primary  Decomposition  Products  of  an  Eastern  Bi- 

tum.inous  Coal  on  Fractional  Carbonisation.  Thesis 
University  of  Illinois,  1920. 

15.  F.Q. Straub.  Primary  Decomposition  Products  of  Pocahontas  Goal 

on  Fractional  Carbonisation.  Thesis.  University 
of  Illinois,  1920. 

14.  A.Y.Uemmill.  The  ixction  of  a Carbon  Llonoxide  atmosphere  on  the 

Coking  Properties  of  Lignite  and  Pocahontas  Coals. 

Thesis.  University  of  Illinois,  1921. 


!f  .a»  I'f  '■  7i  •■ 

— 


} 


‘/k 

J ■ 


f i 


">»  fV 


/ 


n. 


■.  * 


i^' 


‘'y'-  ' V . /ffll  f i'W  -filf” 

' ■ , , ■ ■ ‘ , .>■;  , ' i,  '■  • . 'i_  V'l  ’ 

f,!  , .jrif'j!-'-  ■ f^£  , ^ 


' .! 


»I^ 


♦ >'  .CT.  W '■  ‘ ' 'H';  £ ;'  *>.  > ‘JC-i' ^ •"?*■'>) 


*' 

1 •'■  * TE!  "i 


J 


• i 


y i ■ ‘^  IV  • . • . f,  iV  •'  / '{. 

ll'iC'*' JUi'i  t'  ? t , 


t J 


• '* 


^•^1' 


■j-  ,V  ^£  : n 


,f  ■'  " 


'^1 


I 


ll.  1 

Ji 

<1 

! 


feu 


^ ^^-■'.t:-';  .■«  H,-..'-‘--t  ,-,:«vrt  ;;,y;  "I  ,|S^9iBL,  ! '| 


! 


t 


r**.  ^ 


v'^ 


J 


.r.  ''  . 


. "^^k,l  ■ 

• c * » ^ 

.✓■  . 


^ S A • 

I M.1^.,  K 


f'.'ii;W/i' 

A 


tif..-.  \>/v;'i‘a-..^T''nfy‘‘;*!' ; £■ 

' V ' ‘ --^i 


a 


■ Alt 


•*i  <;il^-U¥l'  1"  "JiJ.'i .' ,>4»  ,/>Ki)i\'j,««v;£v*y.  .<v^tS  .*  ■•^<i»4?!!.,tiP'''^4 

•'  I «.!*  V ')  >.  \ -P'  , ■ ■'!  . 


fr  V:  , f ■ ■ / ■ ./'i, 

‘ -fill  ,'v.:'^  y 

> ■>.  • rv.;  - • . ^ ^ 


r^- . t’ f £■ 


M 


^yn.  nr  ,r^  ) ^ ^ ^ * ** 

;try  '.i'::  . •o  .j’o:  j.Veji.s4&  ■ ifc'hMifti^Mliji?.^ ■<(  & 'i*i  A 


' ''  ''"  ' [(1*'?  '\p' 


i'fel  . .ti 


*#•  • A'- ♦’■  '’“fl, 'Vtfv  . ‘ <y>r3 

V;  v,  v:f  ^', 


KvSa»'JflB  • , , : £'Hf^|S  '^kf  ,■  i. .. 

' , '■•-  . f (I’.V . J V?  6 1 the  S 'ikilKjVi^  ^ 

; V . . r >..:.,»rifts*'"iM! 


• • » ‘ • Vf '■ 


*“.‘.'"|."".|fl*".."^r  , ,|  ii-Tr-n  ri I mu,  I.  -jj  .,1..  , 

,:  i.i'i,'  '1'.^  . . I '“'  / 'iJrmtfriflCn  I ' ■ V . 11 


:S. 


57. 


/S. T/.L.  Finley.  The  Fffect  of  an  Atmosphere  of  Hydrogen  on  the  Carbon 

ization  of  Coal.  Thesis.  University  of  Illinois, 
1921. 


6oo 

80 

io 

<^o 

Zo 

S"oo 

80 

6o 

Vo 


1 

— 

t , 

_l 

1 

i 

:Jl  ... . . 

5 "■ 

! '. 

rwT 

'^1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

— 

f 

i 

4 

-i 

To  Z S' o‘c 

Zci 

T’/iE.ff^flT^f’To  Z^O'^C 
XN 

'1^8aH£t^Te-o  To  I6~0*C 
Xn  /tirf 


xJeLt-tco  Coal  ~ 
KENTt^CHY  . 


I'^l  ■ ■■  ■-  -Hl-I  •'•■  { ■ 

/{M>CoFFt^Afi  • 


33d  Vo  7©  8®  9o  </oo  /o  Ho  30  */o  S'o  7o  So  ^oo  /© 


H>-o  So 


.dfil^lNftL  CofIL  In 

CaifBON  J?lOXlP£- . 

I*BeH£B7eP~T<> 

JTn  CBKBO/iltoKfPC 


I’/ieHB^TBp  To  3oo°c 

Xn  CbAP<}B  Viomoe. . 


330  yo  s^o  60  TO  So  fo  ‘/OO  to 


no  30 


6^0  Co  yo  Qq  /o  Zo  So 


i>0O 


8o 
bo 
</o 
3o 
i'll  a 


So 

io 


Vo 


Zs 

t/od 

60 

60 

Zo 

3oo 

So 

bo 

Vo 

Zo  \ 
Zoo  . 


eo 
60  ; 
¥o  L 

I 

!Oo  !- 

-:  I 

8o\ 

ifO  f~ 


a 

/ 

\ 

/ 

1 

1 

\ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

V 

1 

1 

.~Pn£H£/ira.p  'To  3S o °C 

In  6hiK. 


~F/iEHe(^r£o  To  ZS’oX 
In  /?//r. 


- T’/iEKEflTE.pTo  T0O°C 


Vo ; - 


2o; 


■£P  To 

T . 

\u  - 

£.  Co  : 

Al 

33o  Vo  to  7o  go  fo  V 00  /o  Zo  3o  Vo  S-o  6o  70  go  fo  S~0o  /o  2o  fo 


Ir 

( r 

ilTROdBli 

_ Tr^h-^t^pTo 

5S-0' 

’c 

In 

' NiTRoueN 

1 

Id  NtTRo> 

To  'JOi 

o\ 

7 

Sr£! 

V. 

Hicko/^s 

Hu-u 

. Cor 

L. 

( 

'3rALLfiT(N  1 

Co 

Ill  mots  . 

